Difference between revisions of "Command Line Utilities"

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[http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/openssl.html OpenSSL site command line tools]
+
The '''openssl''' program provides a rich variety of commands, each of which often has a wealth of options and arguments. Many commands use an external configuration file for some or all of their arguments and have a <code>-config</code> option to specify that file. The environment variable [[OPENSSL_CONF]] can be used to specify the location of the configuration file. If the environment variable is not specified, a default file is created in the default certificate storage area called '''openssl.cnf'''. The settings in this default configuration file depend on the flags set when the version of OpenSSL being used was built.
  
−
=== Getting started with your openssl toolkit ===
+
This article is an overview of the available tools provided by openssl. For all of the details on usage and implementation, you can find the [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/ manpages] which are automatically generated from the source code at the [https://www.openssl.org/ official OpenSSL project home]. Likewise, the source code itself may be found on the [https://www.openssl.org/source/ OpenSSL project home page], as well as on the [https://github.com/openssl/openssl OpenSSL Github]. The main OpenSSL site also includes an [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/openssl.html overview of the command-line utilities], as well as links to all of their respective documentation.
  
−
The openssl binary (usually /usr/bin/openssl on linux) is an entry point for many functions. You call it following the pattern
+
=Getting Started=
−
<pre>
 
−
$ openssl command [ command_opts ] [ command_args ]
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
Alternatively you can call it without arguments to enter the interactive mode with an 'OpenSSL>' prompt. Then you can directly type your commands. You can leave the interactive mode with Ctrl+C or Ctrl+D or by typing 'quit':
+
The entry point for the OpenSSL library is the '''openssl''' binary, usually <tt>/usr/bin/openssl</tt> on Linux. The general syntax for calling openssl is as follows:
−
<pre>
 
−
OpenSSL> quit
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
There are three different kinds of commands. These are [[standard commands]], [[cipher commands]], and [[message-digest commands]]. In the following an overview over some commands is given. These are grouped by purpose and not necessarily by the classification just mentioned.
+
$ openssl command [ command_options ] [ command_arguments ]
  
−
=== Learn about your installation ===
+
Alternatively, you can call openssl without arguments to enter the interactive mode prompt. You may then enter commands directly, exiting with either a <code>quit</code> command or by issuing a termination signal with either <tt>Ctrl+C</tt> or <tt>Ctrl+D</tt>. The following is a sample interactive session in which the user invokes the [[primes]] command twice before using the <tt>quit</tt> command to terminate the session.
  
−
==== List commands by type ====
+
OpenSSL> prime -generate -bits 24
 +
13467269
 +
OpenSSL> prime -generate -bits 24
 +
16651079
 +
OpenSSL> quit
  
−
You can get a list of available commands by calling
+
=Basic Tasks=
  
−
<pre>
+
This section is a brief tutorial on performing the most basic tasks using OpenSSL. For a detailed explanation of the rationale behind the syntax and semantics of the commands shown here, see the section on [[#Commands|Commands]].
−
$ openssl list-standard-commands
 
−
$ openssl list-cipher-commands
 
−
$ openssl list-message-digest-commands
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
==== version ====
+
==Getting Help==
  
−
<pre>
+
As mentioned previously, the general syntax of a command is <code>openssl command [ command_options ] [ command_arguments ]</code>. The help command is no different, but it does have its idiosyncrasies. To view the top-level help menu, you can call openssl as follows.
−
OpenSSL> version
 
−
OpenSSL 1.0.1e 11 Feb 2013
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
==== ciphers ====
+
$ openssl help
  
−
returns SSL/TLS ciphers supported.
+
This query will print all of the available commands, like so:
  
−
<code>
+
Standard commands
−
OpenSSL> ciphers
+
asn1parse        ca                ciphers           cms             
−
ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:SRP-DSS-AES-256-CBC-SHA:SRP-RSA-AES-256-CBC-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA256-SHA:DHE-DSS-CAMELLIA256-SHA:ECDH-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDH-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDH-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDH-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDH-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDH-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES256-SHA256:AES256-SHA:CAMELLIA256-SHA:PSK-AES256-CBC-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:SRP-DSS-3DES-EDE-CBC-SHA:SRP-RSA-3DES-EDE-CBC-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:EDH-DSS-DES-CBC3-SHA:ECDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:ECDH-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:DES-CBC3-SHA:PSK-3DES-EDE-CBC-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:SRP-DSS-AES-128-CBC-SHA:SRP-RSA-AES-128-CBC-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA:DHE-RSA-SEED-SHA:DHE-DSS-SEED-SHA:DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA128-SHA:DHE-DSS-CAMELLIA128-SHA:ECDH-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDH-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDH-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDH-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDH-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDH-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES128-SHA256:AES128-SHA:SEED-SHA:CAMELLIA128-SHA:PSK-AES128-CBC-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-RC4-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-RC4-SHA:ECDH-RSA-RC4-SHA:ECDH-ECDSA-RC4-SHA:RC4-SHA:RC4-MD5:PSK-RC4-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC-SHA:EDH-DSS-DES-CBC-SHA:DES-CBC-SHA:EXP-EDH-RSA-DES-CBC-SHA:EXP-EDH-DSS-DES-CBC-SHA:EXP-DES-CBC-SHA:EXP-RC2-CBC-MD5:EXP-RC4-MD5
+
crl              crl2pkcs7        dgst              dhparam         
−
</code>
+
dsa              dsaparam          ec                ecparam
 +
...
  
−
openssl list-cipher-algorithms
+
Note the above output was truncated, so only the first four lines of output are shown.
  
−
openssl list-public-key-algorithms
+
A help menu for each command may be requested in two different ways. First, the same command used above may be repeated, followed by the name of the command to print help for.
−
<pre>
 
−
Name: OpenSSL RSA method
 
−
Type: Builtin Algorithm
 
−
OID: rsaEncryption
 
−
PEM string: RSA
 
−
Name: rsa
 
−
Type: Alias to rsaEncryption
 
−
Name: OpenSSL PKCS#3 DH method
 
−
Type: Builtin Algorithm
 
−
OID: dhKeyAgreement
 
−
PEM string: DH
 
−
Name: dsaWithSHA
 
−
Type: Alias to dsaEncryption
 
−
Name: dsaEncryption-old
 
−
Type: Alias to dsaEncryption
 
−
Name: dsaWithSHA1-old
 
−
Type: Alias to dsaEncryption
 
−
Name: dsaWithSHA1
 
−
Type: Alias to dsaEncryption
 
−
Name: OpenSSL DSA method
 
−
Type: Builtin Algorithm
 
−
OID: dsaEncryption
 
−
PEM string: DSA
 
−
Name: OpenSSL EC algorithm
 
−
Type: Builtin Algorithm
 
−
OID: id-ecPublicKey
 
−
PEM string: EC
 
−
Name: OpenSSL HMAC method
 
−
Type: Builtin Algorithm
 
−
OID: hmac
 
−
PEM string: HMAC
 
−
Name: OpenSSL CMAC method
 
−
Type: Builtin Algorithm
 
−
OID: cmac
 
−
PEM string: CMAC
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
==== engine ====
+
$ openssl help genpkey
  
−
<pre>
+
The program will then display the valid options for the given command.
−
OpenSSL> engine
 
−
(rsax) RSAX engine support
 
−
(dynamic) Dynamic engine loading support
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
==== speed ====
+
$ openssl help genpkey
 +
Usage: genpkey [options]
 +
Valid options are:
 +
  -help              Display this summary
 +
  -out outfile      Output file
 +
  -outform PEM|DER  output format (DER or PEM)
 +
  -pass val          Output file pass phrase source
 +
  -paramfile infile  Parameters file
 +
  -algorithm val    The public key algorithm
 +
  -pkeyopt val      Set the public key algorithm option as opt:value
 +
  -genparam          Generate parameters, not key
 +
  -text              Print the in text
 +
  -*                Cipher to use to encrypt the key
 +
  -engine val        Use engine, possibly a hardware device
 +
Order of options may be important!  See the documentation.
  
−
returns informations of toolkit performance on cryptographic functions computations.
+
The second way of requesting the help menu for a particular command is by using the first option in the output shown above, namely <code>openssl command -help</code>. Both commands will yield the same output; the help menu displayed will be exactly the same.
  
−
( Ex: on Linux 3.1.0-1-amd64 #1 SMP x86_64 GNU/Linux, HP dv7 i7 4Gb )
+
$ openssl genpkey -help
 +
Usage: genpkey [options]
 +
Valid options are:
 +
  -help              Display this summary
 +
  -out outfile      Output file
 +
  -outform PEM|DER  output format (DER or PEM)
 +
  -pass val          Output file pass phrase source
 +
  -paramfile infile  Parameters file
 +
  -algorithm val    The public key algorithm
 +
  -pkeyopt val      Set the public key algorithm option as opt:value
 +
  -genparam          Generate parameters, not key
 +
  -text              Print the in text
 +
  -*                Cipher to use to encrypt the key
 +
  -engine val        Use engine, possibly a hardware device
 +
Order of options may be important!  See the documentation.
  
−
<pre>
+
For additional information on the usage of a particular command, the project [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manpages.html manpages] are a great source of information. Another excellent source of information is the project perldocs. [https://perldoc.perl.org/5.30.0/perldoc.html perldoc] is a utility included with most if not all [https://www.perl.org/ Perl] distributions, and it's capable of displaying documentation information in a variety of formats, one of which is as manpages. Not surprisingly, the project documentation is generated from the pod files located in the <tt>doc</tt> directory of the source code.
−
$ openssl speed
 
−
Doing md4 for 3s on 16 size blocks: 12430613 md4's in 3.00s
 
−
...
 
−
Doing md5 for 3s on 16 size blocks: 8943943 md5's in 2.99s
 
−
Doing md5 for 3s on 64 size blocks: 6560162 md5's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing md5 for 3s on 256 size blocks: 3674563 md5's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing md5 for 3s on 1024 size blocks: 1325803 md5's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing md5 for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 190271 md5's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing hmac(md5) for 3s on 16 size blocks: 7289025 hmac(md5)'s in 3.00s
 
−
Doing hmac(md5) for 3s on 64 size blocks: 5519732 hmac(md5)'s in 3.00s
 
−
Doing hmac(md5) for 3s on 256 size blocks: 3319123 hmac(md5)'s in 3.00s
 
−
Doing hmac(md5) for 3s on 1024 size blocks: 1275475 hmac(md5)'s in 3.00s
 
−
Doing hmac(md5) for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 187134 hmac(md5)'s in 3.00s
 
−
Doing sha1 for 3s on 16 size blocks: 10089842 sha1's in 2.99s
 
−
Doing sha1 for 3s on 64 size blocks: 7033355 sha1's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing sha1 for 3s on 256 size blocks: 3919372 sha1's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing sha1 for 3s on 1024 size blocks: 1374314 sha1's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing sha1 for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 198808 sha1's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing sha256 for 3s on 16 size blocks: 6462822 sha256's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing sha256 for 3s on 64 size blocks: 3504641 sha256's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing sha256 for 3s on 256 size blocks: 1486771 sha256's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing sha256 for 3s on 1024 size blocks: 440613 sha256's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing sha256 for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 58418 sha256's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing sha512 for 3s on 16 size blocks: 5040453 sha512's in 2.99s
 
−
Doing sha512 for 3s on 64 size blocks: 5089425 sha512's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing sha512 for 3s on 256 size blocks: 1865240 sha512's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing sha512 for 3s on 1024 size blocks: 643708 sha512's in 3.00s
 
−
Doing sha512 for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 90615 sha512's in 3.00s
 
−
...
 
−
Doing whirlpool for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 33204 whirlpool's in 3.00s
 
−
...
 
−
Doing rmd160 for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 66719 rmd160's in 3.00s
 
−
...
 
−
Doing rc4 for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 238972 rc4's in 3.00s
 
−
...
 
−
Doing des cbc for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 19837 des cbc's in 3.00s
 
−
...
 
−
Doing des ede3 for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 7706 des ede3's in 3.00s
 
−
...
 
−
Doing aes-128 cbc for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 35217 aes-128 cbc's in 3.00s
 
−
...
 
−
Doing aes-192 cbc for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 29225 aes-192 cbc's in 3.01s
 
−
...
 
−
Doing aes-256 cbc for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 24414 aes-256 cbc's in 3.00s
 
−
...
 
−
Doing aes-256 ige for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 23331 aes-256 ige's in 2.99s
 
−
...
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
=== Basic encryption ===
+
==Getting Library Version Information==
  
−
The command for symmetric encryption/decryption operations is [[enc|openssl enc]].
+
$ openssl version
 +
OpenSSL 1.1.1c  28 May 2019
  
−
For public key asymmetric encryption/decryption/sign/verify operations, use [[pkeyutl]] or the older RSA-specific [[rsautl]].
+
As mentioned above, the <tt>version</tt> command's help menu may be queried for additional options like so:
  
−
==== Basic file ====
+
$ openssl version -help
 +
Usage: version [options]
 +
Valid options are:
 +
  -help  Display this summary
 +
  -a    Show all data
 +
  -b    Show build date
 +
  -d    Show configuration directory
 +
  -e    Show engines directory
 +
  -f    Show compiler flags used
 +
  -o    Show some internal datatype options
 +
  -p    Show target build platform
 +
  -r    Show random seeding options
 +
  -v    Show library version
  
−
to cipher a file or data to protect and share it protected by a shared key.
+
Using the <tt>-a</tt> option to show all version information yields the following output on my current machine:
  
−
symmetric cipher :
+
$ openssl version -a
−
[[AES]] [[Blowfish]] [[RC4]] [[3DES]] [[RC2]] [[DES]] [[CAST5]] [[SEED]]
+
OpenSSL 1.1.1c  28 May 2019
 +
built on: Tue May 28 16:23:39 2019 UTC
 +
platform: linux-x86_64
 +
options: bn(64,64) rc4(16x,int) des(int) idea(int) blowfish(ptr)
 +
compiler: gcc -fPIC -pthread -m64 -Wa,--noexecstack -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O2 -pipe -fno-plt -Wa,--noexecstack -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O2 -pipe -fno-plt -Wl,-O1,--sort-common,--as-needed,-z,relro,-z,now -DOPENSSL_USE_NODELETE -DL_ENDIAN -DOPENSSL_PIC -DOPENSSL_CPUID_OBJ -DOPENSSL_IA32_SSE2 -DOPENSSL_BN_ASM_MONT -DOPENSSL_BN_ASM_MONT5 -DOPENSSL_BN_ASM_GF2m -DSHA1_ASM -DSHA256_ASM -DSHA512_ASM -DKECCAK1600_ASM -DRC4_ASM -DMD5_ASM -DAES_ASM -DVPAES_ASM -DBSAES_ASM -DGHASH_ASM -DECP_NISTZ256_ASM -DX25519_ASM -DPOLY1305_ASM -DNDEBUG -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2
 +
OPENSSLDIR: "/etc/ssl"
 +
ENGINESDIR: "/usr/lib/engines-1.1"
 +
Seeding source: os-specific
  
−
block to stream conversion :
+
==Generating an RSA Private Key==
−
[[ECB]] [[CBC]] [[OFB]] [[CFB]] [[CTR]] [[XTS]] [[GCM]]
 
  
−
compression :
+
Generating a private key can be done in a variety of different ways depending on the type of key, algorithm, bits, and other options your specific use case may require. In this example, we are generating a private key using RSA and a key size of 2048 bits.
−
[[ZLIB]]
 
  
−
<pre>
+
  $ openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 -out private-key.pem
−
Cipher commands (see the `enc' command for more details)
 
−
aes-128-cbc      aes-128-ecb      aes-192-cbc      aes-192-ecb     
 
−
aes-256-cbc      aes-256-ecb      base64            bf               
 
−
bf-cbc            bf-cfb            bf-ecb            bf-ofb           
 
−
camellia-128-cbc  camellia-128-ecb  camellia-192-cbc  camellia-192-ecb 
 
−
camellia-256-cbc  camellia-256-ecb cast              cast-cbc         
 
−
cast5-cbc        cast5-cfb        cast5-ecb        cast5-ofb       
 
−
des              des-cbc          des-cfb          des-ecb         
 
−
des-ede          des-ede-cbc      des-ede-cfb      des-ede-ofb     
 
−
des-ede3          des-ede3-cbc      des-ede3-cfb      des-ede3-ofb     
 
−
des-ofb          des3              desx              rc2             
 
−
rc2-40-cbc        rc2-64-cbc        rc2-cbc          rc2-cfb         
 
−
rc2-ecb          rc2-ofb          rc4              rc4-40           
 
−
seed              seed-cbc          seed-cfb          seed-ecb         
 
−
seed-ofb          zlib
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
<pre>
+
To generate a password protected private key, the previous command may be slightly amended as follows:
−
openssl enc --help
 
−
unknown option '--help'
 
−
options are
 
−
-in <file>    input file
 
−
-out <file>    output file
 
−
-pass <arg>    pass phrase source
 
−
-e            encrypt
 
−
-d            decrypt
 
−
-a/-base64    base64 encode/decode, depending on encryption flag
 
−
-k            passphrase is the next argument
 
−
-kfile        passphrase is the first line of the file argument
 
−
-md            the next argument is the md to use to create a key
 
−
                from a passphrase.  One of md2, md5, sha or sha1
 
−
-S            salt in hex is the next argument
 
−
-K/-iv        key/iv in hex is the next argument
 
−
-[pP]          print the iv/key (then exit if -P)
 
−
-bufsize <n>  buffer size
 
−
-nopad        disable standard block padding
 
−
-engine e      use engine e, possibly a hardware device.
 
−
Cipher Types
 
−
-aes-128-cbc              -aes-128-cfb              -aes-128-cfb1           
 
−
-aes-128-cfb8              -aes-128-ctr              -aes-128-ecb             
 
−
-aes-128-gcm              -aes-128-ofb              -aes-128-xts             
 
−
-aes-192-cbc              -aes-192-cfb              -aes-192-cfb1           
 
−
-aes-192-cfb8              -aes-192-ctr              -aes-192-ecb             
 
−
-aes-192-gcm              -aes-192-ofb              -aes-256-cbc             
 
−
-aes-256-cfb              -aes-256-cfb1              -aes-256-cfb8           
 
−
-aes-256-ctr              -aes-256-ecb              -aes-256-gcm             
 
−
-aes-256-ofb              -aes-256-xts              -aes128                 
 
−
-aes192                    -aes256                    -bf                     
 
−
-bf-cbc                    -bf-cfb                    -bf-ecb                 
 
−
-bf-ofb                    -blowfish                  -camellia-128-cbc       
 
−
-camellia-128-cfb          -camellia-128-cfb1        -camellia-128-cfb8       
 
−
-camellia-128-ecb          -camellia-128-ofb          -camellia-192-cbc       
 
−
-camellia-192-cfb          -camellia-192-cfb1        -camellia-192-cfb8       
 
−
-camellia-192-ecb          -camellia-192-ofb          -camellia-256-cbc       
 
−
-camellia-256-cfb          -camellia-256-cfb1        -camellia-256-cfb8       
 
−
-camellia-256-ecb          -camellia-256-ofb          -camellia128             
 
−
-camellia192              -camellia256              -cast                   
 
−
-cast-cbc                  -cast5-cbc                -cast5-cfb               
 
−
-cast5-ecb                -cast5-ofb                -des                     
 
−
-des-cbc                  -des-cfb                  -des-cfb1               
 
−
-des-cfb8                  -des-ecb                  -des-ede                 
 
−
-des-ede-cbc              -des-ede-cfb              -des-ede-ofb             
 
−
-des-ede3                  -des-ede3-cbc              -des-ede3-cfb           
 
−
-des-ede3-cfb1            -des-ede3-cfb8            -des-ede3-ofb           
 
−
-des-ofb                  -des3                      -desx                   
 
−
-desx-cbc                  -id-aes128-GCM            -id-aes192-GCM           
 
−
-id-aes256-GCM            -rc2                      -rc2-40-cbc             
 
−
-rc2-64-cbc                -rc2-cbc                  -rc2-cfb                 
 
−
-rc2-ecb                  -rc2-ofb                  -rc4                     
 
−
-rc4-40                    -rc4-hmac-md5              -seed                   
 
−
-seed-cbc                  -seed-cfb                  -seed-ecb               
 
−
-seed-ofb 
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
==== Mail / SMIME ====
+
$ openssl genpkey -aes256 -algorithm RSA -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 -out private-key.pem
  
−
===== smime v2 pkcs7 1.5 =====
+
The addition of the <tt>-aes256</tt> option specifies the cipher to use to encrypt the private key file. For a list of available ciphers in the library, you can run the following command:
  
−
<pre>
+
$ openssl list -cipher-algorithms
−
openssl smime --help
 
−
Usage smime [options] cert.pem ...
 
−
where options are
 
−
-encrypt      encrypt message
 
−
-decrypt      decrypt encrypted message
 
−
-sign          sign message
 
−
-verify        verify signed message
 
−
-pk7out        output PKCS#7 structure
 
−
-des3          encrypt with triple DES
 
−
-des          encrypt with DES
 
−
-seed          encrypt with SEED
 
−
-rc2-40        encrypt with RC2-40 (default)
 
−
-rc2-64        encrypt with RC2-64
 
−
-rc2-128      encrypt with RC2-128
 
−
-aes128, -aes192, -aes256
 
−
              encrypt PEM output with cbc aes
 
−
-camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256
 
−
              encrypt PEM output with cbc camellia
 
−
-nointern      don't search certificates in message for signer
 
−
-nosigs        don't verify message signature
 
−
-noverify      don't verify signers certificate
 
−
-nocerts      don't include signers certificate when signing
 
−
-nodetach      use opaque signing
 
−
-noattr        don't include any signed attributes
 
−
-binary        don't translate message to text
 
−
-certfile file other certificates file
 
−
-signer file  signer certificate file
 
−
-recip  file  recipient certificate file for decryption
 
−
-in file      input file
 
−
-inform arg    input format SMIME (default), PEM or DER
 
−
-inkey file    input private key (if not signer or recipient)
 
−
-keyform arg  input private key format (PEM or ENGINE)
 
−
-out file      output file
 
−
-outform arg  output format SMIME (default), PEM or DER
 
−
-content file  supply or override content for detached signature
 
−
-to addr      to address
 
−
-from ad      from address
 
−
-subject s    subject
 
−
-text          include or delete text MIME headers
 
−
-CApath dir    trusted certificates directory
 
−
-CAfile file  trusted certificates file
 
−
-crl_check    check revocation status of signer's certificate using CRLs
 
−
-crl_check_all check revocation status of signer's certificate chain using CRLs
 
−
-engine e      use engine e, possibly a hardware device.
 
−
-passin arg    input file pass phrase source
 
−
-rand file:file:...
 
−
              load the file (or the files in the directory) into
 
−
              the random number generator
 
−
cert.pem      recipient certificate(s) for encryption
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
===== smime v3 cms =====
+
With your private key in hand, you can use the following command to see the key's details, such as its modulus and its constituent primes. Remember to change the name of the input file to the file name of your private key.
  
−
<pre>
+
$ openssl pkey -in private-key.pem -text
−
openssl cms --help
 
−
Usage cms [options] cert.pem ...
 
−
where options are
 
−
-encrypt      encrypt message
 
−
-decrypt      decrypt encrypted message
 
−
-sign          sign message
 
−
-verify        verify signed message
 
−
-cmsout        output CMS structure
 
−
-des3          encrypt with triple DES
 
−
-des          encrypt with DES
 
−
-seed          encrypt with SEED
 
−
-rc2-40        encrypt with RC2-40 (default)
 
−
-rc2-64        encrypt with RC2-64
 
−
-rc2-128      encrypt with RC2-128
 
−
-aes128, -aes192, -aes256
 
−
              encrypt PEM output with cbc aes
 
−
-camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256
 
−
              encrypt PEM output with cbc camellia
 
−
-nointern      don't search certificates in message for signer
 
−
-nosigs        don't verify message signature
 
−
-noverify      don't verify signers certificate
 
−
-nocerts      don't include signers certificate when signing
 
−
-nodetach      use opaque signing
 
−
-noattr        don't include any signed attributes
 
−
-binary        don't translate message to text
 
−
-certfile file other certificates file
 
−
-certsout file certificate output file
 
−
-signer file  signer certificate file
 
−
-recip  file  recipient certificate file for decryption
 
−
-keyid        use subject key identifier
 
−
-in file      input file
 
−
-inform arg    input format SMIME (default), PEM or DER
 
−
-inkey file    input private key (if not signer or recipient)
 
−
-keyform arg  input private key format (PEM or ENGINE)
 
−
-out file      output file
 
−
-outform arg  output format SMIME (default), PEM or DER
 
−
-content file  supply or override content for detached signature
 
−
-to addr      to address
 
−
-from ad      from address
 
−
-subject s    subject
 
−
-text         include or delete text MIME headers
 
−
-CApath dir    trusted certificates directory
 
−
-CAfile file  trusted certificates file
 
−
-crl_check    check revocation status of signer's certificate using CRLs
 
−
-crl_check_all check revocation status of signer's certificate chain using CRLs
 
−
-engine e      use engine e, possibly a hardware device.
 
−
-passin arg    input file pass phrase source
 
−
-rand file:file:...
 
−
              load the file (or the files in the directory) into
 
−
              the random number generator
 
−
cert.pem      recipient certificate(s) for encryption
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
==== Public Key Cryptographic Operations ====
+
The above command yields the following output in my specific case. Your output will differ but should be structurally similar.
  
−
<pre>
+
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
−
openssl pkeyutl --help
+
MIIEvQIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKcwggSjAgEAAoIBAQDZD6IMLRFk4CaF
−
Usage: pkeyutl [options]
+
w0rhRienwuE5EZ6xFE8e3C5TVi1+d9Enhi38RgkwD7UlWxPE6AWhp5T3kfrFWdak
−
-in file        input file
+
1lZFVPp7/btOKLjKUru15nLoA4AKYtz9W9PhsM0dyzLc6FQ6K4ReQam5pHCqI2zF
−
-out file      output file
+
82MwE+eIAduvuqyoQLKiI608EArWZqDtMUpBJzv0UVEYvRdnMWpCwfzpI+hPJywV
−
-sigfile file signature file (verify operation only)
+
CcTlNCT/ctGgBKyIx+dDuZ7bR9MNmSW7GreJEbTH+R13xT3dd/JCka1+LYCl4h0q
−
-inkey file    input key
+
oWhFPhOkvQzmmSzUmZlAlTDQLv2eAdJIrQcsnKZ3SsIOCC/3IpqwSzpid38Ill4O
−
-keyform arg    private key format - default PEM
+
xH6XIrVFAgMBAAECggEBAJ2MC0JrM8TULSHJrf/0u7O4b2DMuTIuW386sSUr17mD
−
-pubin          input is a public key
+
nfviGF6TNvf7bq++e4rgHbZHvIg1HJ9Bpdne+J86HtUARYNlazru8fAFZEGiyLzB
−
-certin        input is a certificate carrying a public key
+
JUV/8TpO6ZJGepR8zSWrkFgZsOddw6i6LalADy5GRDcjoiDajZdR3lZxLrv5qOQU
−
-pkeyopt X:Y    public key options
+
I1vKTf4Zs2Tl3gnaJ/Il1gBHIQ9W9xUH8jPBIwj51iXwCh8H0BiDPvFkU7cHIFCP
−
-sign          sign with private key
+
sJhGsGp6OS3uSwwQuSE+NqbuPfVilysCcwgZduknyio0QO1YfMBL6+XoKE/bFHsn
−
-verify        verify with public key
+
N+FzzczQg9sWyiwVR+3EeI9kp4JSElNh2nqG96i4QAECgYEA76OLUGrShHb4saoP
−
-verifyrecover verify with public key, recover original data
+
aYnBAKLEdWj5K483JdY6BSbdd5RkDbJG8ExmcbfTas/BGdKc4iVCkxV3ysxKnX18
−
-encrypt        encrypt with public key
+
PfxATHDLL8NMa+gGgZY5oTKUsrXEpS132HhCJ9T9LoesQjRb4kOZH8POVqm6O4Xf
−
-decrypt        decrypt with private key
+
lCt0y1+M1eQHI1NPO9CmPBgouEUCgYEA5+F4SS8RMyYRkU/kx195fwh0hhaOElzr
−
-derive        derive shared secret
+
E8mZou3NFL/XT6/9t+2+7sMTuiQCP9zIa6s+/rrXdjWtrTcDp4WlDITas0UUgZhv
−
-hexdump        hex dump output
+
YVBQBF4vhHxIVwJxnT9Gwi4XM1JlFmVHofWD71P6DRe7jSWRS3CujP3AE9vmpWMx
−
-engine e      use engine e, possibly a hardware device.
+
tE1D9qLiWQECgYB445LzFYBvrKjWz4iI4CJKFNJwvGz+iXfzkXehg7KzkVtMAYSB
−
-passin arg    pass phrase source
+
0rjXYzm3J2ktgq778nn8Qxc0agy2GEil6GvzY+9MgAQ8Z0do9gTKif6zjLjP7vkH
−
</pre>
+
bdtJxsuWPoEqwMkdgqZrfNbJp0O4pVddovJ/agtdF3R2YJ+W+DH0HOfl1QKBgFnM
 +
c2zEEYEhaQRBUHP1gXO0rouPCI4L9e2/0QPL2/QBJzzxBuzH4X1NhsI7V7OrqOIp
 +
e0fiy7Y3q369I2ko1HY4rQln4z0c72VcWOCYKQbBqrInfCBNdPWWK93wNr2pk0gh
 +
cGqqtteDLVrIBbCVfsOTMWN/cZ7y/zi4A23sPoQBAoGAEPzcIjOyoB97Pzd7iNim
 +
Gin8RkwXIiFGSHo8vAh74CKBNokThM50OUNm5T2eJ4huzPpowQ+ID1mB5EjEai9n
 +
JY9ll3cUpawiIIW/6uGTHyXfvZWNtqEYXrVJ6fcDaKcW4y3cplNj/SJaBW8HXsW7
 +
YGHW3zHsgy7EOAOzPwlm9oE=
 +
-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
 +
RSA Private-Key: (2048 bit, 2 primes)
 +
modulus:
 +
    00:d9:0f:a2:0c:2d:11:64:e0:26:85:c3:4a:e1:46:
 +
    27:a7:c2:e1:39:11:9e:b1:14:4f:1e:dc:2e:53:56:
 +
    2d:7e:77:d1:27:86:2d:fc:46:09:30:0f:b5:25:5b:
 +
    13:c4:e8:05:a1:a7:94:f7:91:fa:c5:59:d6:a4:d6:
 +
    56:45:54:fa:7b:fd:bb:4e:28:b8:ca:52:bb:b5:e6:
 +
    72:e8:03:80:0a:62:dc:fd:5b:d3:e1:b0:cd:1d:cb:
 +
    32:dc:e8:54:3a:2b:84:5e:41:a9:b9:a4:70:aa:23:
 +
    6c:c5:f3:63:30:13:e7:88:01:db:af:ba:ac:a8:40:
 +
    b2:a2:23:ad:3c:10:0a:d6:66:a0:ed:31:4a:41:27:
 +
    3b:f4:51:51:18:bd:17:67:31:6a:42:c1:fc:e9:23:
 +
    e8:4f:27:2c:15:09:c4:e5:34:24:ff:72:d1:a0:04:
 +
    ac:88:c7:e7:43:b9:9e:db:47:d3:0d:99:25:bb:1a:
 +
    b7:89:11:b4:c7:f9:1d:77:c5:3d:dd:77:f2:42:91:
 +
    ad:7e:2d:80:a5:e2:1d:2a:a1:68:45:3e:13:a4:bd:
 +
    0c:e6:99:2c:d4:99:99:40:95:30:d0:2e:fd:9e:01:
 +
    d2:48:ad:07:2c:9c:a6:77:4a:c2:0e:08:2f:f7:22:
 +
    9a:b0:4b:3a:62:77:7f:08:96:5e:0e:c4:7e:97:22:
 +
    b5:45
 +
publicExponent: 65537 (0x10001)
 +
privateExponent:
 +
    00:9d:8c:0b:42:6b:33:c4:d4:2d:21:c9:ad:ff:f4:
 +
    bb:b3:b8:6f:60:cc:b9:32:2e:5b:7f:3a:b1:25:2b:
 +
    d7:b9:83:9d:fb:e2:18:5e:93:36:f7:fb:6e:af:be:
 +
    7b:8a:e0:1d:b6:47:bc:88:35:1c:9f:41:a5:d9:de:
 +
    f8:9f:3a:1e:d5:00:45:83:65:6b:3a:ee:f1:f0:05:
 +
    64:41:a2:c8:bc:c1:25:45:7f:f1:3a:4e:e9:92:46:
 +
    7a:94:7c:cd:25:ab:90:58:19:b0:e7:5d:c3:a8:ba:
 +
    2d:a9:40:0f:2e:46:44:37:23:a2:20:da:8d:97:51:
 +
    de:56:71:2e:bb:f9:a8:e4:14:23:5b:ca:4d:fe:19:
 +
    b3:64:e5:de:09:da:27:f2:25:d6:00:47:21:0f:56:
 +
    f7:15:07:f2:33:c1:23:08:f9:d6:25:f0:0a:1f:07:
 +
    d0:18:83:3e:f1:64:53:b7:07:20:50:8f:b0:98:46:
 +
    b0:6a:7a:39:2d:ee:4b:0c:10:b9:21:3e:36:a6:ee:
 +
    3d:f5:62:97:2b:02:73:08:19:76:e9:27:ca:2a:34:
 +
    40:ed:58:7c:c0:4b:eb:e5:e8:28:4f:db:14:7b:27:
 +
    37:e1:73:cd:cc:d0:83:db:16:ca:2c:15:47:ed:c4:
 +
    78:8f:64:a7:82:52:12:53:61:da:7a:86:f7:a8:b8:
 +
    40:01
 +
prime1:
 +
    00:ef:a3:8b:50:6a:d2:84:76:f8:b1:aa:0f:69:89:
 +
    c1:00:a2:c4:75:68:f9:2b:8f:37:25:d6:3a:05:26:
 +
    dd:77:94:64:0d:b2:46:f0:4c:66:71:b7:d3:6a:cf:
 +
    c1:19:d2:9c:e2:25:42:93:15:77:ca:cc:4a:9d:7d:
 +
    7c:3d:fc:40:4c:70:cb:2f:c3:4c:6b:e8:06:81:96:
 +
    39:a1:32:94:b2:b5:c4:a5:2d:77:d8:78:42:27:d4:
 +
    fd:2e:87:ac:42:34:5b:e2:43:99:1f:c3:ce:56:a9:
 +
    ba:3b:85:df:94:2b:74:cb:5f:8c:d5:e4:07:23:53:
 +
    4f:3b:d0:a6:3c:18:28:b8:45
 +
prime2:
 +
    00:e7:e1:78:49:2f:11:33:26:11:91:4f:e4:c7:5f:
 +
    79:7f:08:74:86:16:8e:12:5c:eb:13:c9:99:a2:ed:
 +
    cd:14:bf:d7:4f:af:fd:b7:ed:be:ee:c3:13:ba:24:
 +
    02:3f:dc:c8:6b:ab:3e:fe:ba:d7:76:35:ad:ad:37:
 +
    03:a7:85:a5:0c:84:da:b3:45:14:81:98:6f:61:50:
 +
    50:04:5e:2f:84:7c:48:57:02:71:9d:3f:46:c2:2e:
 +
    17:33:52:65:16:65:47:a1:f5:83:ef:53:fa:0d:17:
 +
    bb:8d:25:91:4b:70:ae:8c:fd:c0:13:db:e6:a5:63:
 +
    31:b4:4d:43:f6:a2:e2:59:01
 +
exponent1:
 +
    78:e3:92:f3:15:80:6f:ac:a8:d6:cf:88:88:e0:22:
 +
    4a:14:d2:70:bc:6c:fe:89:77:f3:91:77:a1:83:b2:
 +
    b3:91:5b:4c:01:84:81:d2:b8:d7:63:39:b7:27:69:
 +
    2d:82:ae:fb:f2:79:fc:43:17:34:6a:0c:b6:18:48:
 +
    a5:e8:6b:f3:63:ef:4c:80:04:3c:67:47:68:f6:04:
 +
    ca:89:fe:b3:8c:b8:cf:ee:f9:07:6d:db:49:c6:cb:
 +
    96:3e:81:2a:c0:c9:1d:82:a6:6b:7c:d6:c9:a7:43:
 +
    b8:a5:57:5d:a2:f2:7f:6a:0b:5d:17:74:76:60:9f:
 +
    96:f8:31:f4:1c:e7:e5:d5
 +
exponent2:
 +
    59:cc:73:6c:c4:11:81:21:69:04:41:50:73:f5:81:
 +
    73:b4:ae:8b:8f:08:8e:0b:f5:ed:bf:d1:03:cb:db:
 +
    f4:01:27:3c:f1:06:ec:c7:e1:7d:4d:86:c2:3b:57:
 +
    b3:ab:a8:e2:29:7b:47:e2:cb:b6:37:ab:7e:bd:23:
 +
    69:28:d4:76:38:ad:09:67:e3:3d:1c:ef:65:5c:58:
 +
    e0:98:29:06:c1:aa:b2:27:7c:20:4d:74:f5:96:2b:
 +
    dd:f0:36:bd:a9:93:48:21:70:6a:aa:b6:d7:83:2d:
 +
    5a:c8:05:b0:95:7e:c3:93:31:63:7f:71:9e:f2:ff:
 +
    38:b8:03:6d:ec:3e:84:01
 +
  coefficient:
 +
    10:fc:dc:22:33:b2:a0:1f:7b:3f:37:7b:88:d8:a6:
 +
    1a:29:fc:46:4c:17:22:21:46:48:7a:3c:bc:08:7b:
 +
    e0:22:81:36:89:13:84:ce:74:39:43:66:e5:3d:9e:
 +
    27:88:6e:cc:fa:68:c1:0f:88:0f:59:81:e4:48:c4:
 +
    6a:2f:67:25:8f:65:97:77:14:a5:ac:22:20:85:bf:
 +
    ea:e1:93:1f:25:df:bd:95:8d:b6:a1:18:5e:b5:49:
 +
    e9:f7:03:68:a7:16:e3:2d:dc:a6:53:63:fd:22:5a:
 +
    05:6f:07:5e:c5:bb:60:61:d6:df:31:ec:83:2e:c4:
 +
    38:03:b3:3f:09:66:f6:81
  
−
Legacy RSA command:
+
Keep in mind the above key was generated solely for pedagogical purposes; never give anyone access to your private keys.
−
<pre>
 
−
openssl rsautl --help
 
−
Usage: rsautl [options]
 
−
-in file        input file
 
−
-out file      output file
 
−
-inkey file    input key
 
−
-keyform arg    private key format - default PEM
 
−
-pubin          input is an RSA public
 
−
-certin        input is a certificate carrying an RSA public key
 
−
-ssl            use SSL v2 padding
 
−
-raw            use no padding
 
−
-pkcs          use PKCS#1 v1.5 padding (default)
 
−
-oaep          use PKCS#1 OAEP
 
−
-sign          sign with private key
 
−
-verify        verify with public key
 
−
-encrypt        encrypt with public key
 
−
-decrypt        decrypt with private key
 
−
-hexdump        hex dump output
 
−
-engine e      use engine e, possibly a hardware device.
 
−
-passin arg    pass phrase source
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
=== Create / Handle Public Key Certificates ===
+
==Generating a Public Key==
  
−
This requires you have a knowledge of what PKI is ( Certificate Authorities, Certificate Request, Certificate, Public Key, Private Key )
+
Having previously generated your private key, you may generate the corresponding public key using the following command.
  
−
Classical use case is to obtain a valid Certificate for a Secured Web site ( https protocol ).
+
$ openssl pkey -in private-key.pem -out public-key.pem -pubout
−
First you create a Private Key ( will be created together with Public key ).
 
−
Then create a Certificate Request for that private key with some informations for purpose of future Certificate.
 
−
Then send that Certificate Request to a Certificate Authority ( CA ) that will issue a Certificate that CA signed. For well known CA you need to pay.  
 
−
Up to you to install your Private key together with the received Certificate on your system.  
 
  
−
It exists graphical front-end to operate openssl wihtin a GUI : [http://xca.sourceforge.net/ XCA]
+
You may once again view the key details, using a slightly different command this time.
  
−
==== Key Generation ====
+
$ openssl pkey -in public-key.pem -pubin -text
  
−
===== rsa / genrsa =====
+
The output for the public key will be shorter, as it carries much less information, and it will look something like this.
  
−
RSA is the most common type of Public/Private Key.
+
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
−
Private Key part should never be disclosed while public key part is ... public.
+
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA2Q+iDC0RZOAmhcNK4UYn
 +
p8LhORGesRRPHtwuU1YtfnfRJ4Yt/EYJMA+1JVsTxOgFoaeU95H6xVnWpNZWRVT6
 +
e/27Tii4ylK7teZy6AOACmLc/VvT4bDNHcsy3OhUOiuEXkGpuaRwqiNsxfNjMBPn
 +
iAHbr7qsqECyoiOtPBAK1mag7TFKQSc79FFRGL0XZzFqQsH86SPoTycsFQnE5TQk
 +
/3LRoASsiMfnQ7me20fTDZkluxq3iRG0x/kdd8U93XfyQpGtfi2ApeIdKqFoRT4T
 +
pL0M5pks1JmZQJUw0C79ngHSSK0HLJymd0rCDggv9yKasEs6Ynd/CJZeDsR+lyK1
 +
RQIDAQAB
 +
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
 +
RSA Public-Key: (2048 bit)
 +
Modulus:
 +
    00:d9:0f:a2:0c:2d:11:64:e0:26:85:c3:4a:e1:46:
 +
    27:a7:c2:e1:39:11:9e:b1:14:4f:1e:dc:2e:53:56:
 +
    2d:7e:77:d1:27:86:2d:fc:46:09:30:0f:b5:25:5b:
 +
    13:c4:e8:05:a1:a7:94:f7:91:fa:c5:59:d6:a4:d6:
 +
    56:45:54:fa:7b:fd:bb:4e:28:b8:ca:52:bb:b5:e6:
 +
    72:e8:03:80:0a:62:dc:fd:5b:d3:e1:b0:cd:1d:cb:
 +
    32:dc:e8:54:3a:2b:84:5e:41:a9:b9:a4:70:aa:23:
 +
    6c:c5:f3:63:30:13:e7:88:01:db:af:ba:ac:a8:40:
 +
    b2:a2:23:ad:3c:10:0a:d6:66:a0:ed:31:4a:41:27:
 +
    3b:f4:51:51:18:bd:17:67:31:6a:42:c1:fc:e9:23:
 +
    e8:4f:27:2c:15:09:c4:e5:34:24:ff:72:d1:a0:04:
 +
    ac:88:c7:e7:43:b9:9e:db:47:d3:0d:99:25:bb:1a:
 +
    b7:89:11:b4:c7:f9:1d:77:c5:3d:dd:77:f2:42:91:
 +
    ad:7e:2d:80:a5:e2:1d:2a:a1:68:45:3e:13:a4:bd:
 +
    0c:e6:99:2c:d4:99:99:40:95:30:d0:2e:fd:9e:01:
 +
    d2:48:ad:07:2c:9c:a6:77:4a:c2:0e:08:2f:f7:22:
 +
    9a:b0:4b:3a:62:77:7f:08:96:5e:0e:c4:7e:97:22:
 +
    b5:45
 +
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
  
−
<pre>
+
For more information on generating keys, see the source code documentation, located in the <tt>doc/HOWTO/keys.txt</tt> file.
−
openssl genrsa --help
 
−
usage: genrsa [args] [numbits]
 
−
-des            encrypt the generated key with DES in cbc mode
 
−
-des3          encrypt the generated key with DES in ede cbc mode (168 bit key)
 
−
-seed
 
−
                encrypt PEM output with cbc seed
 
−
-aes128, -aes192, -aes256
 
−
                encrypt PEM output with cbc aes
 
−
-camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256
 
−
                encrypt PEM output with cbc camellia
 
−
-out file      output the key to 'file
 
−
-passout arg    output file pass phrase source
 
−
-f4            use F4 (0x10001) for the E value
 
−
-3              use 3 for the E value
 
−
-engine e      use engine e, possibly a hardware device.
 
−
-rand file:file:...
 
−
                load the file (or the files in the directory) into
 
−
                the random number generator
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
<pre>
+
==Generating Keys Based on Elliptic Curves==
−
rsa help
 
−
unknown option help
 
−
rsa [options] <infile >outfile
 
−
where options are
 
−
-inform arg    input format - one of DER NET PEM
 
−
-outform arg    output format - one of DER NET PEM
 
−
-in arg        input file
 
−
-sgckey        Use IIS SGC key format
 
−
-passin arg    input file pass phrase source
 
−
-out arg        output file
 
−
-passout arg    output file pass phrase source
 
−
-des            encrypt PEM output with cbc des
 
−
-des3          encrypt PEM output with ede cbc des using 168 bit key
 
−
-seed          encrypt PEM output with cbc seed
 
−
-aes128, -aes192, -aes256
 
−
                encrypt PEM output with cbc aes
 
−
-camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256
 
−
                encrypt PEM output with cbc camellia
 
−
-text          print the key in text
 
−
-noout          don't print key out
 
−
-modulus        print the RSA key modulus
 
−
-check          verify key consistency
 
−
-pubin          expect a public key in input file
 
−
-pubout        output a public key
 
−
-engine e      use engine e, possibly a hardware device.
 
−
error in rsa
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
===== dsa / gendsa=====
+
There are essentially two steps to generating a key:
  
−
dsa is a less common Public/Private key scheme, but can be seen anyway, so ...
+
# Generate the parameters for the specific curve you are using
 +
# Use those parameters to generate the key
  
−
<pre>
+
To see the list of curves instrinsically supported by openssl, you can use the <tt>-list_curves</t> option when calling the <tt>ecparam</tt> command.
−
openssl gendsa
 
−
usage: gendsa [args] dsaparam-file
 
−
-out file - output the key to 'file'
 
−
-des      - encrypt the generated key with DES in cbc mode
 
−
-des3    - encrypt the generated key with DES in ede cbc mode (168 bit key)
 
−
-seed
 
−
                encrypt PEM output with cbc seed
 
−
-aes128, -aes192, -aes256
 
−
                encrypt PEM output with cbc aes
 
−
-camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256
 
−
                encrypt PEM output with cbc camellia
 
−
-engine e - use engine e, possibly a hardware device.
 
−
-rand file:file:...
 
−
          - load the file (or the files in the directory) into
 
−
            the random number generator
 
−
dsaparam-file
 
−
          - a DSA parameter file as generated by the dsaparam command
 
  
−
</pre>
+
$ openssl ecparam -list_curves
 +
  secp112r1 : SECG/WTLS curve over a 112 bit prime field
 +
  secp112r2 : SECG curve over a 112 bit prime field
 +
  secp128r1 : SECG curve over a 128 bit prime field
 +
  secp128r2 : SECG curve over a 128 bit prime field
 +
  secp160k1 : SECG curve over a 160 bit prime field
 +
  ...
  
−
<pre>
+
For this example I will use the <tt>prime256v1</tt> curve, which is an <tt>X9.62/SECG</tt> curve over a 256 bit prime field.
−
OpenSSL> dsa help
 
−
unknown option help
 
−
dsa [options] <infile >outfile
 
−
where options are
 
−
-inform arg    input format - DER or PEM
 
−
-outform arg    output format - DER or PEM
 
−
-in arg        input file
 
−
-passin arg    input file pass phrase source
 
−
-out arg        output file
 
−
-passout arg    output file pass phrase source
 
−
-engine e      use engine e, possibly a hardware device.
 
−
-des            encrypt PEM output with cbc des
 
−
-des3          encrypt PEM output with ede cbc des using 168 bit key
 
−
-aes128, -aes192, -aes256
 
−
                encrypt PEM output with cbc aes
 
−
-camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256
 
−
                encrypt PEM output with cbc camellia
 
−
-seed          encrypt PEM output with cbc seed
 
−
-text          print the key in text
 
−
-noout          don't print key out
 
−
-modulus        print the DSA public value
 
−
error in dsa
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
===== Elliptic Curves / ec ecparam =====
+
===Generating the Curve Parameters===
  
−
[[Elliptic_Curve_Cryptography]]
+
Having selected our curve, we now call <tt>ecparam</tt> to generate our parameters file.
  
−
See [[Command Line Elliptic Curve Operations]] for a description of these commands.
+
$ openssl ecparam -name prime256v1 -out prime256v1.pem
  
−
<pre>
+
====Printing Parameters to Standard Out====
−
openssl ecparam --help
 
−
unknown option --help
 
−
ecparam [options] <infile >outfile
 
−
where options are
 
−
-inform arg      input format - default PEM (DER or PEM)
 
−
-outform arg      output format - default PEM
 
−
-in  arg          input file  - default stdin
 
−
-out arg          output file - default stdout
 
−
-noout            do not print the ec parameter
 
−
-text            print the ec parameters in text form
 
−
-check            validate the ec parameters
 
−
-C                print a 'C' function creating the parameters
 
−
-name arg        use the ec parameters with 'short name' name
 
−
-list_curves      prints a list of all currently available curve 'short names'
 
−
-conv_form arg    specifies the point conversion form
 
−
                  possible values: compressed
 
−
                                    uncompressed (default)
 
−
                                    hybrid
 
−
-param_enc arg    specifies the way the ec parameters are encoded
 
−
                  in the asn1 der encoding
 
−
                  possible values: named_curve (default)
 
−
                                    explicit
 
−
-no_seed          if 'explicit' parameters are chosen do not use the seed
 
−
-genkey          generate ec key
 
−
-rand file        files to use for random number input
 
−
-engine e        use engine e, possibly a hardware device
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
<pre>
+
You can print the generated curve parameters to the terminal output with the following command:
−
ec [options] <infile >outfile
 
−
where options are
 
−
-inform arg    input format - DER or PEM
 
−
-outform arg    output format - DER or PEM
 
−
-in arg        input file
 
−
-passin arg    input file pass phrase source
 
−
-out arg        output file
 
−
-passout arg    output file pass phrase source
 
−
-engine e      use engine e, possibly a hardware device.
 
−
-des            encrypt PEM output, instead of 'des' every other
 
−
                cipher supported by OpenSSL can be used
 
−
-text          print the key
 
−
-noout          don't print key out
 
−
-param_out      print the elliptic curve parameters
 
−
-conv_form arg  specifies the point conversion form
 
−
                possible values: compressed
 
−
                                  uncompressed (default)
 
−
                                  hybrid
 
−
-param_enc arg  specifies the way the ec parameters are encoded
 
−
                in the asn1 der encoding
 
−
                possible values: named_curve (default)
 
−
                                  explicit
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
==== Certificate Authority / ca ====
+
$ openssl ecparam -in prime256v1.pem -noout -text
 +
ASN1 OID: prime256v1
 +
NIST CURVE: P-256
  
−
When you want to act as a Certificate Authority.
+
====Printing Parameters as C Code====
  
−
<pre>
+
Analogously, you may also output the generated curve parameters as C code. The parameters can then be loaded by calling the <tt>get_ec_group_XXX()</tt> function. To print the C code to the current terminal's output, the following command may be used:
−
OpenSSL> ca
 
−
Using configuration from /usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf
 
−
Error opening CA private key ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem
 
−
140492277311144:error:02001002:system library:fopen:No such file or directory:bss_file.c:398:fopen('./demoCA/private/cakey.pem','r')
 
−
140492277311144:error:20074002:BIO routines:FILE_CTRL:system lib:bss_file.c:400:
 
−
unable to load CA private key
 
−
error in ca
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
By default you don't have ca created...
+
$ openssl ecparam -in prime256v1.pem -noout -C
  
−
==== Certificate Request / pkcs10 / req ====
+
And here are the first few lines of the corresponding output:
  
−
<pre>
+
EC_GROUP *get_ec_group_256(void)
−
OpenSSL> req ?
+
{
−
unknown option ?
+
    static unsigned char ec_p_256[] = {
−
req [options] <infile >outfile
+
        0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
−
where options  are
+
         0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
−
-inform arg    input format - DER or PEM
+
         0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
−
-outform arg  output format - DER or PEM
+
         ...
−
-in arg        input file
 
−
-out arg      output file
 
−
-text         text form of request
 
−
-pubkey        output public key
 
−
-noout        do not output REQ
 
−
-verify        verify signature on REQ
 
−
-modulus      RSA modulus
 
−
-nodes        don't encrypt the output key
 
−
-engine e      use engine e, possibly a hardware device
 
−
-subject      output the request's subject
 
−
-passin        private key password source
 
−
-key file      use the private key contained in file
 
−
-keyform arg  key file format
 
−
-keyout arg    file to send the key to
 
−
-rand file:file:...
 
−
                load the file (or the files in the directory) into
 
−
                the random number generator
 
−
-newkey rsa:bits generate a new RSA key of 'bits' in size
 
−
-newkey dsa:file generate a new DSA key, parameters taken from CA in 'file'
 
−
-newkey ec:file generate a new EC key, parameters taken from CA in 'file'
 
−
-[digest]      Digest to sign with (md5, sha1, md2, mdc2, md4)
 
−
-config file  request template file.
 
−
-subj arg      set or modify request subject
 
−
-multivalue-rdn enable support for multivalued RDNs
 
−
-new          new request.
 
−
-batch        do not ask anything during request generation
 
−
-x509         output a x509 structure instead of a cert. req.
 
−
-days         number of days a certificate generated by -x509 is valid for.
 
−
-set_serial    serial number to use for a certificate generated by -x509.
 
−
-newhdr        output "NEW" in the header lines
 
−
-asn1-kludge  Output the 'request' in a format that is wrong but some CA's
 
−
                have been reported as requiring
 
−
-extensions .. specify certificate extension section (override value in config file)
 
−
-reqexts ..   specify request extension section (override value in config file)
 
−
-utf8          input characters are UTF8 (default ASCII)
 
−
-nameopt arg    - various certificate name options
 
−
-reqopt arg    - various request text options
 
  
−
error in req
+
===Generating the Key===
−
</pre>
 
  
−
==== Certificates AKA x509  ====
+
With the curve parameters in hand, we are now free to generate the key. Just as with the [#Generating an RSA Private Key|RSA] example above, we may optionally specify a cipher algorithm with which to encrypt the private key. The call to generate the key using the elliptic curve parameters generated in the example above looks like this:
  
−
x509 command allows you to display content of a x509 certificate and to convert it from/to [[PEM]], [[NET]] or [[DER]] formats.
+
$ openssl genpkey -aes256 -paramfile prime256v1.pem -out private-key.pem
 +
Enter PEM pass phrase:
 +
Verifying - Enter PEM pass phrase:
  
−
<pre>
+
==Base64 Encoding Strings==
−
OpenSSL> x509 help
 
−
unknown option help
 
−
usage: x509 args
 
−
-inform arg    - input format - default PEM (one of DER, NET or PEM)
 
−
-outform arg    - output format - default PEM (one of DER, NET or PEM)
 
−
-keyform arg    - private key format - default PEM
 
−
-CAform arg    - CA format - default PEM
 
−
-CAkeyform arg  - CA key format - default PEM
 
−
-in arg        - input file - default stdin
 
−
-out arg        - output file - default stdout
 
−
-passin arg    - private key password source
 
−
-serial        - print serial number value
 
−
-subject_hash  - print subject hash value
 
−
-subject_hash_old  - print old-style (MD5) subject hash value
 
−
-issuer_hash    - print issuer hash value
 
−
-issuer_hash_old    - print old-style (MD5) issuer hash value
 
−
-hash          - synonym for -subject_hash
 
−
-subject        - print subject DN
 
−
-issuer        - print issuer DN
 
−
-email          - print email address(es)
 
−
-startdate      - notBefore field
 
−
-enddate        - notAfter field
 
−
-purpose        - print out certificate purposes
 
−
-dates          - both Before and After dates
 
−
-modulus        - print the RSA key modulus
 
−
-pubkey        - output the public key
 
−
-fingerprint    - print the certificate fingerprint
 
−
-alias          - output certificate alias
 
−
-noout          - no certificate output
 
−
-ocspid        - print OCSP hash values for the subject name and public key
 
−
-ocsp_uri      - print OCSP Responder URL(s)
 
−
-trustout      - output a "trusted" certificate
 
−
-clrtrust      - clear all trusted purposes
 
−
-clrreject      - clear all rejected purposes
 
−
-addtrust arg  - trust certificate for a given purpose
 
−
-addreject arg  - reject certificate for a given purpose
 
−
-setalias arg  - set certificate alias
 
−
-days arg      - How long till expiry of a signed certificate - def 30 days
 
−
-checkend arg  - check whether the cert expires in the next arg seconds
 
−
                  exit 1 if so, 0 if not
 
−
-signkey arg    - self sign cert with arg
 
−
-x509toreq      - output a certification request object
 
−
-req            - input is a certificate request, sign and output.
 
−
-CA arg        - set the CA certificate, must be PEM format.
 
−
-CAkey arg      - set the CA key, must be PEM format
 
−
                  missing, it is assumed to be in the CA file.
 
−
-CAcreateserial - create serial number file if it does not exist
 
−
-CAserial arg  - serial file
 
−
-set_serial    - serial number to use
 
−
-text          - print the certificate in text form
 
−
-C              - print out C code forms
 
−
-md2/-md5/-sha1/-mdc2 - digest to use
 
−
-extfile        - configuration file with X509V3 extensions to add
 
−
-extensions    - section from config file with X509V3 extensions to add
 
−
-clrext        - delete extensions before signing and input certificate
 
−
-nameopt arg    - various certificate name options
 
−
-engine e      - use engine e, possibly a hardware device.
 
−
-certopt arg    - various certificate text options
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
==== Client Certificates AKA pkcs12 ====
+
For simple string encoding, you can use "here string" syntax with the [[Base64 Encoding|base64]] command as below. Intuitively, the <tt>-e</tt> flag specifies the action to be encoding.
  
−
Client Certificate is a language abuse, but anyway it is kind of file you need to install on your system when SSL/TLS server require Client Authentication.
+
$ openssl base64 -e <<< 'Welcome to openssl wiki'
−
Those kind of certificates credentials are known with .'''pkcs12''' or .'''pfx''' file extension.
+
V2VsY29tZSB0byBvcGVuc3NsIHdpa2kK
−
They contains a x509 Certificate and the public/private key of client. Those files are then very sensible to handle with same security as a private key.
 
  
−
<pre>
+
Similarly, the base64 command's <tt>-d</tt> flag may be used to indicate decoding mode.
−
Usage: pkcs12 [options]
 
−
where options are
 
−
-export      output PKCS12 file
 
−
-chain        add certificate chain
 
−
-inkey file  private key if not infile
 
−
-certfile f  add all certs in f
 
−
-CApath arg  - PEM format directory of CA's
 
−
-CAfile arg  - PEM format file of CA's
 
−
-name "name"  use name as friendly name
 
−
-caname "nm"  use nm as CA friendly name (can be used more than once).
 
−
-in  infile  input filename
 
−
-out outfile  output filename
 
−
-noout        don't output anything, just verify.
 
−
-nomacver    don't verify MAC.
 
−
-nocerts      don't output certificates.
 
−
-clcerts      only output client certificates.
 
−
-cacerts      only output CA certificates.
 
−
-nokeys      don't output private keys.
 
−
-info        give info about PKCS#12 structure.
 
−
-des          encrypt private keys with DES
 
−
-des3        encrypt private keys with triple DES (default)
 
−
-seed        encrypt private keys with seed
 
−
-aes128, -aes192, -aes256
 
−
              encrypt PEM output with cbc aes
 
−
-camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256
 
−
              encrypt PEM output with cbc camellia
 
−
-nodes        don't encrypt private keys
 
−
-noiter      don't use encryption iteration
 
−
-nomaciter    don't use MAC iteration
 
−
-maciter      use MAC iteration
 
−
-nomac        don't generate MAC
 
−
-twopass      separate MAC, encryption passwords
 
−
-descert      encrypt PKCS#12 certificates with triple DES (default RC2-40)
 
−
-certpbe alg  specify certificate PBE algorithm (default RC2-40)
 
−
-keypbe alg  specify private key PBE algorithm (default 3DES)
 
−
-macalg alg  digest algorithm used in MAC (default SHA1)
 
−
-keyex        set MS key exchange type
 
−
-keysig      set MS key signature type
 
−
-password p  set import/export password source
 
−
-passin p    input file pass phrase source
 
−
-passout p    output file pass phrase source
 
−
-engine e    use engine e, possibly a hardware device.
 
−
-rand file:file:...
 
−
              load the file (or the files in the directory) into
 
−
              the random number generator
 
−
-CSP name    Microsoft CSP name
 
−
-LMK          Add local machine keyset attribute to private key
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
=== SSL/TLS and Certificates ONLINE services ===
+
$ openssl base64 -d <<< 'V2VsY29tZSB0byBvcGVuc3NsIHdpa2kK'
 +
Welcome to openssl wiki
  
−
==== s_server ====
+
==Generating a File Hash==
  
−
This implements a generic SSL/TLS server.  
+
One of the most basic uses of the [[dgst]] command (short for digest) is viewing the hash of a given file. To do this, simply invoke the command with the specified digest algorithm to use. For this example, I will be hashing an arbitrary file on my system using the [[MD5]], [[SHA1]], and [[SHA384]] algorithms.
  
−
<pre>
+
$ openssl dgst -md5 primes.dat
−
openssl s_server
+
MD5(primes.dat)= 7710839bb87d2c4c15a86c2b2c805664
−
Error opening server certificate private key file server.pem
+
−
139811478357672:error:02001002:system library:fopen:No such file or directory:bss_file.c:398:fopen('server.pem','r')
+
$ openssl dgst -sha1 primes.dat
−
139811478357672:error:20074002:BIO routines:FILE_CTRL:system lib:bss_file.c:400:
+
SHA1(primes.dat)= 5dfab70ce825591689f4a3f65910870a9022cd32
−
unable to load server certificate private key file
+
−
</pre>
+
$ openssl dgst -sha384 primes.dat
 +
SHA384(primes.dat)= 41399bdffe6850f5a44852d967f3db415654f20dc2eb6cd231772f6ea411876d85d44091ebbc6b1f4ce8673e64617271
  
−
'''you need to provide certificate and private key to be able to run SSL/TLS server.'''
+
For a list of the available digest algorithms, you can use the following command.
  
−
<pre>
+
$ openssl list -digest-algorithms
−
openssl s_server --help
+
RSA-MD4 => MD4
−
unknown option --help
+
RSA-MD5 => MD5
−
usage: s_server [args ...]
+
RSA-MDC2 => MDC2
 +
RSA-RIPEMD160 => RIPEMD160
 +
RSA-SHA1 => SHA1
 +
RSA-SHA1-2 => RSA-SHA1
 +
...
  
−
-accept arg  - port to accept on (default is 4433)
+
You can also use a similar command to see the available [[Digest Commands|digest commands]]:
−
-context arg  - set session ID context
 
−
-verify arg  - turn on peer certificate verification
 
−
-Verify arg  - turn on peer certificate verification, must have a cert.
 
−
-cert arg    - certificate file to use
 
−
                (default is server.pem)
 
−
-crl_check    - check the peer certificate has not been revoked by its CA.
 
−
                The CRL(s) are appended to the certificate file
 
−
-crl_check_all - check the peer certificate has not been revoked by its CA
 
−
                or any other CRL in the CA chain. CRL(s) are appened to the
 
−
                the certificate file.
 
−
-certform arg - certificate format (PEM or DER) PEM default
 
−
-key arg      - Private Key file to use, in cert file if
 
−
                not specified (default is server.pem)
 
−
-keyform arg  - key format (PEM, DER or ENGINE) PEM default
 
−
-pass arg    - private key file pass phrase source
 
−
-dcert arg    - second certificate file to use (usually for DSA)
 
−
-dcertform x  - second certificate format (PEM or DER) PEM default
 
−
-dkey arg    - second private key file to use (usually for DSA)
 
−
-dkeyform arg - second key format (PEM, DER or ENGINE) PEM default
 
−
-dpass arg    - second private key file pass phrase source
 
−
-dhparam arg  - DH parameter file to use, in cert file if not specified
 
−
                or a default set of parameters is used
 
−
-named_curve arg  - Elliptic curve name to use for ephemeral ECDH keys.
 
−
                Use "openssl ecparam -list_curves" for all names
 
−
                (default is nistp256).
 
−
-nbio        - Run with non-blocking IO
 
−
-nbio_test    - test with the non-blocking test bio
 
−
-crlf        - convert LF from terminal into CRLF
 
−
-debug        - Print more output
 
−
-msg          - Show protocol messages
 
−
-state        - Print the SSL states
 
−
-CApath arg  - PEM format directory of CA's
 
−
-CAfile arg  - PEM format file of CA's
 
−
-nocert      - Don't use any certificates (Anon-DH)
 
−
-cipher arg  - play with 'openssl ciphers' to see what goes here
 
−
-serverpref  - Use server's cipher preferences
 
−
-quiet        - No server output
 
−
-no_tmp_rsa  - Do not generate a tmp RSA key
 
−
-psk_hint arg - PSK identity hint to use
 
−
-psk arg      - PSK in hex (without 0x)
 
−
-srpvfile file      - The verifier file for SRP
 
−
-srpuserseed string - A seed string for a default user salt.
 
−
-ssl2        - Just talk SSLv2
 
−
-ssl3        - Just talk SSLv3
 
−
-tls1_2      - Just talk TLSv1.2
 
−
-tls1_1      - Just talk TLSv1.1
 
−
-tls1        - Just talk TLSv1
 
−
-dtls1        - Just talk DTLSv1
 
−
-timeout      - Enable timeouts
 
−
-mtu          - Set link layer MTU
 
−
-chain        - Read a certificate chain
 
−
-no_ssl2      - Just disable SSLv2
 
−
-no_ssl3      - Just disable SSLv3
 
−
-no_tls1      - Just disable TLSv1
 
−
-no_tls1_1    - Just disable TLSv1.1
 
−
-no_tls1_2    - Just disable TLSv1.2
 
−
-no_dhe      - Disable ephemeral DH
 
−
-no_ecdhe    - Disable ephemeral ECDH
 
−
-bugs        - Turn on SSL bug compatibility
 
−
-www          - Respond to a 'GET /' with a status page
 
−
-WWW          - Respond to a 'GET /<path> HTTP/1.0' with file ./<path>
 
−
-HTTP        - Respond to a 'GET /<path> HTTP/1.0' with file ./<path>
 
−
                with the assumption it contains a complete HTTP response.
 
−
-engine id    - Initialise and use the specified engine
 
−
-id_prefix arg - Generate SSL/TLS session IDs prefixed by 'arg'
 
−
-rand file:file:...
 
−
-servername host - servername for HostName TLS extension
 
−
-servername_fatal - on mismatch send fatal alert (default warning alert)
 
−
-cert2 arg    - certificate file to use for servername
 
−
                (default is server2.pem)
 
−
-key2 arg    - Private Key file to use for servername, in cert file if
 
−
                not specified (default is server2.pem)
 
−
-tlsextdebug  - hex dump of all TLS extensions received
 
−
-no_ticket    - disable use of RFC4507bis session tickets
 
−
-legacy_renegotiation - enable use of legacy renegotiation (dangerous)
 
−
-nextprotoneg arg - set the advertised protocols for the NPN extension (comma-separated list)
 
−
-use_srtp profiles - Offer SRTP key management with a colon-separated profile list
 
−
-keymatexport label  - Export keying material using label
 
−
-keymatexportlen len  - Export len bytes of keying material (default 20)
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
==== s_client ====
+
$ openssl list -digest-commands
 +
blake2b512        blake2s256        gost              md4             
 +
md5              mdc2              rmd160            sha1             
 +
sha224            sha256            sha3-224          sha3-256         
 +
sha3-384          sha3-512          sha384            sha512           
 +
sha512-224        sha512-256        shake128          shake256         
 +
sm3     
  
−
This implements a generic SSL/TLS client
+
Below are three sample invocations of the [[md5]], [[sha1]], and [[sha384]] digest commands using the same file as the [[dgst]] command invocation above.
  
−
<pre>
+
$ openssl md5 primes.dat
−
unknown option --help
+
MD5(primes.dat)= 7710839bb87d2c4c15a86c2b2c805664
−
usage: s_client args
+
 +
$ openssl sha1 primes.dat
 +
SHA1(primes.dat)= 5dfab70ce825591689f4a3f65910870a9022cd32
 +
 +
$ openssl sha384 primes.dat
 +
SHA384(primes.dat)= 41399bdffe6850f5a44852d967f3db415654f20dc2eb6cd231772f6ea411876d85d44091ebbc6b1f4ce8673e64617271
  
−
-host host    - use -connect instead
+
==File Encryption and Decryption==
−
-port port    - use -connect instead
 
−
-connect host:port - who to connect to (default is localhost:4433)
 
−
-verify arg  - turn on peer certificate verification
 
−
-cert arg    - certificate file to use, PEM format assumed
 
−
-certform arg - certificate format (PEM or DER) PEM default
 
−
-key arg      - Private key file to use, in cert file if
 
−
                not specified but cert file is.
 
−
-keyform arg  - key format (PEM or DER) PEM default
 
−
-pass arg    - private key file pass phrase source
 
−
-CApath arg  - PEM format directory of CA's
 
−
-CAfile arg  - PEM format file of CA's
 
−
-reconnect    - Drop and re-make the connection with the same Session-ID
 
−
-pause        - sleep(1) after each read(2) and write(2) system call
 
−
-showcerts    - show all certificates in the chain
 
−
-debug        - extra output
 
−
-msg          - Show protocol messages
 
−
-nbio_test    - more ssl protocol testing
 
−
-state        - print the 'ssl' states
 
−
-nbio        - Run with non-blocking IO
 
−
-crlf        - convert LF from terminal into CRLF
 
−
-quiet        - no s_client output
 
−
-ign_eof      - ignore input eof (default when -quiet)
 
−
-no_ign_eof  - don't ignore input eof
 
−
-psk_identity arg - PSK identity
 
−
-psk arg      - PSK in hex (without 0x)
 
−
-srpuser user    - SRP authentification for 'user'
 
−
-srppass arg      - password for 'user'
 
−
-srp_lateuser    - SRP username into second ClientHello message
 
−
-srp_moregroups  - Tolerate other than the known g N values.
 
−
-srp_strength int - minimal mength in bits for N (default 1024).
 
−
-ssl2        - just use SSLv2
 
−
-ssl3        - just use SSLv3
 
−
-tls1_2      - just use TLSv1.2
 
−
-tls1_1      - just use TLSv1.1
 
−
-tls1        - just use TLSv1
 
−
-dtls1        - just use DTLSv1
 
−
-mtu          - set the link layer MTU
 
−
-no_tls1_2/-no_tls1_1/-no_tls1/-no_ssl3/-no_ssl2 - turn off that protocol
 
−
-bugs        - Switch on all SSL implementation bug workarounds
 
−
-serverpref  - Use server's cipher preferences (only SSLv2)
 
−
-cipher      - preferred cipher to use, use the 'openssl ciphers'
 
−
                command to see what is available
 
−
-starttls prot - use the STARTTLS command before starting TLS
 
−
                for those protocols that support it, where
 
−
                'prot' defines which one to assume.  Currently,
 
−
                only "smtp", "pop3", "imap", "ftp" and "xmpp"
 
−
                are supported.
 
−
-engine id    - Initialise and use the specified engine
 
−
-rand file:file:...
 
−
-sess_out arg - file to write SSL session to
 
−
-sess_in arg  - file to read SSL session from
 
−
-servername host  - Set TLS extension servername in ClientHello
 
−
-tlsextdebug      - hex dump of all TLS extensions received
 
−
-status          - request certificate status from server
 
−
-no_ticket        - disable use of RFC4507bis session tickets
 
−
-nextprotoneg arg - enable NPN extension, considering named protocols supported (comma-separated list)
 
−
-legacy_renegotiation - enable use of legacy renegotiation (dangerous)
 
−
-use_srtp profiles - Offer SRTP key management with a colon-separated profile list
 
−
-keymatexport label  - Export keying material using label
 
−
-keymatexportlen len  - Export len bytes of keying material (default 20)
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
==== ocsp ====
+
The following example demonstrates a simple file encryption and decryption using the [[enc]] command. The first argument is the cipher algorithm to use for encrypting the file. For this example I carefully selected the [[AES-256]] algorithm in [[CBC Mode]] by looking up the available ciphers and picking out the first one I saw. To see the list of available ciphers, you can use the following command.
  
 +
$ openssl enc -ciphers
 +
Supported ciphers:
 +
-aes-128-cbc              -aes-128-cfb              -aes-128-cfb1           
 +
-aes-128-cfb8              -aes-128-ctr              -aes-128-ecb             
 +
-aes-128-ofb              -aes-192-cbc              -aes-192-cfb             
 +
-aes-192-cfb1              -aes-192-cfb8              -aes-192-ctr
 +
...
  
−
=== Signing / Digest and Timestamping ===
+
You can also use the following command:
  
−
==== Signing / Digest ====
+
$ openssl list -cipher-algorithms
 +
AES-128-CBC
 +
AES-128-CBC-HMAC-SHA1
 +
AES-128-CBC-HMAC-SHA256
 +
id-aes128-CCM
 +
AES-128-CFB
 +
AES-128-CFB1
 +
AES-128-CFB8
 +
AES-128-CTR
 +
...
  
−
<pre>
+
Having selected an encryption algorithm, you must then specify whether the action you are taking is either encryption or decryption via the <tt>-e</tt> or <tt>-d</tt> flags, respectively. The <tt>-iter</tt> flag specifies the number of iterations on the password used for deriving the encryption key. A higher iteration count increases the time required to brute-force the resulting file. Using this option implies enabling use of the [[Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2]], usually set using the <tt>-pbkdf2</tt> flag. We then use the <tt>-salt</tt> flag to enable the use of a randomly generated salt in the key-derivation function.
−
openssl dgst --help
 
−
unknown option '--help'
 
−
options are
 
−
-c              to output the digest with separating colons
 
−
-r              to output the digest in coreutils format
 
−
-d              to output debug info
 
−
-hex            output as hex dump
 
−
-binary        output in binary form
 
−
-hmac arg      set the HMAC key to arg
 
−
-non-fips-allow allow use of non FIPS digest
 
−
-sign  file    sign digest using private key in file
 
−
-verify file    verify a signature using public key in file
 
−
-prverify file  verify a signature using private key in file
 
−
-keyform arg    key file format (PEM or ENGINE)
 
−
-out filename  output to filename rather than stdout
 
−
-signature file signature to verify
 
−
-sigopt nm:v    signature parameter
 
−
-hmac key      create hashed MAC with key
 
−
-mac algorithm  create MAC (not neccessarily HMAC)
 
−
-macopt nm:v    MAC algorithm parameters or key
 
−
-engine e      use engine e, possibly a hardware device.
 
−
-md4            to use the md4 message digest algorithm
 
−
-md5            to use the md5 message digest algorithm
 
−
-ripemd160      to use the ripemd160 message digest algorithm
 
−
-sha            to use the sha message digest algorithm
 
−
-sha1          to use the sha1 message digest algorithm
 
−
-sha224        to use the sha224 message digest algorithm
 
−
-sha256        to use the sha256 message digest algorithm
 
−
-sha384        to use the sha384 message digest algorithm
 
−
-sha512        to use the sha512 message digest algorithm
 
−
-whirlpool      to use the whirlpool message digest algorithm
 
−
</pre>
 
−
==== timestamping ====
 
  
−
openssl ts
+
Putting it all together, you can see the command to encrypt a file and the corresponding output below. Note that the passwords entered by the user are blank, just as they would usually be in a terminal session.
  
−
<pre>
+
$ openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -e -iter 1000 -salt -in primes.dat -out primes.enc
−
usage:
+
enter aes-256-cbc encryption password:
−
ts -query [-rand file:file:...] [-config configfile] [-data file_to_hash] [-digest digest_bytes][-md2|-md4|-md5|-sha|-sha1|-mdc2|-ripemd160] [-policy object_id] [-no_nonce] [-cert] [-in request.tsq] [-out request.tsq] [-text]
+
Verifying - enter aes-256-cbc encryption password:
−
or
 
−
ts -reply [-config configfile] [-section tsa_section] [-queryfile request.tsq] [-passin password] [-signer tsa_cert.pem] [-inkey private_key.pem] [-chain certs_file.pem] [-policy object_id] [-in response.tsr] [-token_in] [-out response.tsr] [-token_out] [-text] [-engine id]
 
−
or
 
−
ts -verify [-data file_to_hash] [-digest digest_bytes] [-queryfile request.tsq] -in response.tsr [-token_in] -CApath ca_path -CAfile ca_file.pem -untrusted cert_file.pem
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
=== Data handling ===
+
The analogous decryption command is as follows:
  
−
==== ASN.1 ====
+
$ openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -d -iter 1000 -in primes.enc -out primes.dec
 +
enter aes-256-cbc decryption password:
  
−
[[DER]] decoding
+
=Commands=
  
−
<pre>
+
There are three different kinds of commands. These are [[Standard commands|standard commands]], [[Cipher commands|cipher commands]], and [[Digest comands|digest commands]]. Calling the OpenSSL top-level <tt>help</tt> command with no arguments will result in openssl printing all available commands by group, sorted alphabetically.
−
openssl asn1parse --help
 
−
unknown option --help
 
−
asn1parse [options] <infile
 
−
where options are
 
−
-inform arg  input format - one of DER PEM
 
−
-in arg      input file
 
−
-out arg      output file (output format is always DER
 
−
-noout arg    don't produce any output
 
−
-offset arg  offset into file
 
−
-length arg  length of section in file
 
−
-i            indent entries
 
−
-dump        dump unknown data in hex form
 
−
-dlimit arg  dump the first arg bytes of unknown data in hex form
 
−
-oid file    file of extra oid definitions
 
−
-strparse offset
 
−
              a series of these can be used to 'dig' into multiple
 
−
              ASN1 blob wrappings
 
−
-genstr str  string to generate ASN1 structure from
 
−
-genconf file file to generate ASN1 structure from
 
−
</pre>
 
  
−
==== Base64 ====
+
==Standard Commands==
  
−
base64 encoding / decoding
+
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align: center; width: 65%;"
 +
|+ Overview of OpenSSL's command line utilities
 +
! style="width: 25%; padding: 4px;" | Command
 +
! style="width: 75%; padding: 4px;" | Description
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/asn1parse.html asn1parse]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Parse an ASN.1 sequence.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ca.html ca]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Certificate Authority (CA) Management.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ciphers.html ciphers]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Cipher Suite Description Determination.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/cms.html cms]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  CMS (Cryptographic Message Syntax) utility.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/crl.html crl]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Management.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/crl2pkcs7.html crl2pkcs7]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  CRL to PKCS#7 Conversion.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/dgst.html dgst]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Message Digest calculation. MAC calculations are superseded by mac(1).
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/dhparam.html dhparam]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Generation and Management of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Superseded by genpkey(1) and pkeyparam(1).
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/dsa.html dsa]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  DSA Data Management.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/dsaparam.html dsaparam]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  DSA Parameter Generation and Management. Superseded by genpkey(1) and pkeyparam(1).
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ec.html ec]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  EC (Elliptic curve) key processing.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ecparam.html ecparam]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  EC parameter manipulation and generation.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/enc.html enc]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Encoding with Ciphers.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/engine.html engine]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Engine (loadable module) information and manipulation.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/errstr.html errstr]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Error Number to Error String Conversion.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/gendsa.html gendsa]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Generation of DSA Private Key from Parameters. Superseded by genpkey(1) and pkey(1).
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/genpkey.html genpkey]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Generation of Private Key or Parameters.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/genrsa.html genrsa]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Generation of RSA Private Key. Superseded by genpkey(1).
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/info.html info]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Display diverse information built into the OpenSSL libraries.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/kdf.html kdf]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Key Derivation Functions.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/mac.html mac]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Message Authentication Code Calculation.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/nseq.html nseq]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Create or examine a Netscape certificate sequence.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ocsp.html ocsp]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Online Certificate Status Protocol utility.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/passwd.html passwd]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Generation of hashed passwords.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/pkcs12.html pkcs12]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  PKCS#12 Data Management.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/pkcs7.html pkcs7]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  PKCS#7 Data Management.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/pkcs8.html pkcs8]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  PKCS#8 format private key conversion tool.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/pkey.html pkey]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Public and private key management.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/pkeyparam.html pkeyparam]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Public key algorithm parameter management.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/pkeyutl.html pkeyutl]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Public key algorithm cryptographic operation utility.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/prime.html prime]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Compute prime numbers.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/rand.html rand]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Generate pseudo-random bytes.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/rehash.html rehash]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Create symbolic links to certificate and CRL files named by the hash values.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/req.html req]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  PKCS#10 X.509 Certificate Signing Request (CSR) Management.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/rsa.html rsa]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  RSA key management.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/rsautl.html rsautl]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  RSA utility for signing, verification, encryption, and decryption. Superseded by pkeyutl(1).
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/s_client.html s_client]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  This implements a generic SSL/TLS client which can establish a transparent connection to a remote server speaking SSL/TLS.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/s_server.html s_server]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  This implements a generic SSL/TLS server which accepts connections from remote clients speaking SSL/TLS.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/s_time.html s_time]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  SSL Connection Timer.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/sess_id.html sess_id]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  SSL Session Data Management.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/smime.html smime]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  S/MIME mail processing.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/speed.html speed]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Algorithm Speed Measurement.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/spkac.html spkac]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  SPKAC printing and generating utility.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/srp.html srp]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Maintain SRP password file.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/storeutl.html storeutl]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Utility to list and display certificates, keys, CRLs, etc.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ts.html ts]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  Time Stamping Authority tool (client/server).
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/verify.html verify]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  X.509 Certificate Verification.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/version.html version]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  OpenSSL Version Information.
 +
|-
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" | [https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/x509.html x509]
 +
|style="padding: 4px;" |  X.509 Certificate Data Management.
 +
|}
  
−
[[Base64]]
+
= Further reading =
−
 
 
−
===== a String =====
 
−
 
 
−
<pre>
 
−
openssl base64 -e <<< 'Welcome to openssl wiki'
 
−
V2VsY29tZSB0byBvcGVuc3NsIHdpa2kK
 
−
openssl base64 -d <<< 'V2VsY29tZSB0byBvcGVuc3NsIHdpa2kK'
 
−
Welcome to openssl wiki
 
−
</pre>
 
−
 
 
−
warning '''base64 line length is limited to 76 characters by default in openssl''' ( and generated with 64 characters / line ).
 
−
 
 
−
<pre>
 
−
openssl base64 -e <<< 'Welcome to openssl wiki with a very long line that splits...'
 
−
V2VsY29tZSB0byBvcGVuc3NsIHdpa2kgd2l0aCBhIHZlcnkgbG9uZyBsaW5lIHRo
 
−
YXQgc3BsaXRzLi4uCg==
 
−
openssl base64 -d <<< 'V2VsY29tZSB0byBvcGVuc3NsIHdpa2kgd2l0aCBhIHZlcnkgbG9uZyBsaW5lIHRoYXQgc3BsaXRzLi4uCg=='
 
−
</pre>
 
−
=> NOTHING !
 
−
 
 
−
to be able to decode a base64 line without line feed that exceed 76 characters use -A option :
 
−
 
 
−
<pre>
 
−
openssl base64 -d -A <<< 'V2VsY29tZSB0byBvcGVuc3NsIHdpa2kgd2l0aCBhIHZlcnkgbG9uZyBsaW5lIHRoYXQgc3BsaXRzLi4uCg=='
 
−
Welcome to openssl wiki with a very long line that splits...
 
−
</pre>
 
−
 
 
−
This is anyway better to actualy split base64 result in 64 characters lines since -A option is BUGGY ( limit with long files ).
 
−
 
 
−
==== DER <-> PEM conversion ====
 
−
 
 
−
Many openSSL commands do support both PEM and DER formats on both inputs and outputs. The formats are specified with '''inform''' and '''outform''' optional parameters (default is usually PEM).
 
−
Then it is easy to read it in a format and write it in another.
 
−
 
 
−
For instance, you have downloaded a certificate in DER and you need to PEM version for some signature verification commands.
 
−
The '''x509''' command that handles certificates will simply be invoked as:
 
−
<pre>
 
−
OpenSSL> x509 -inform DER -in MyCertificate.der -out MyCertificate.pem
 
−
</pre>
 
−
 
 
−
==== pkcs8 / pkcs5 ====
 
−
 
 
−
pkcs8 is a format to store private keys.
 
−
pkcs8 uses various pkcs5 version as subformat.
 
−
 
 
−
<pre>
 
−
openssl pkcs8 --help
 
−
Usage pkcs8 [options]
 
−
where options are
 
−
-in file        input file
 
−
-inform X      input format (DER or PEM)
 
−
-passin arg    input file pass phrase source
 
−
-outform X      output format (DER or PEM)
 
−
-out file      output file
 
−
-passout arg    output file pass phrase source
 
−
-topk8          output PKCS8 file
 
−
-nooct          use (nonstandard) no octet format
 
−
-embed          use (nonstandard) embedded DSA parameters format
 
−
-nsdb          use (nonstandard) DSA Netscape DB format
 
−
-noiter        use 1 as iteration count
 
−
-nocrypt        use or expect unencrypted private key
 
−
-v2 alg        use PKCS#5 v2.0 and cipher "alg"
 
−
-v1 obj        use PKCS#5 v1.5 and cipher "alg"
 
−
-engine e      use engine e, possibly a hardware device.
 
−
</pre>
 
−
 
 
−
=== Diagnostics ===
 
−
 
 
−
==== SSL/TLS session information ====
 
−
 
 
−
<pre>
 
−
openssl sess_id --help
 
−
unknown option --help
 
−
usage: sess_id args
 
−
 
 
−
-inform arg    - input format - default PEM (DER or PEM)
 
−
-outform arg    - output format - default PEM
 
−
-in arg        - input file - default stdin
 
−
-out arg        - output file - default stdout
 
−
-text          - print ssl session id details
 
−
-cert          - output certificate
 
−
-noout          - no CRL output
 
−
-context arg    - set the session ID context
 
−
</pre>
 
−
 
 
−
== Further reading ==
 
  
 
* Paul Heinlein. [https://www.madboa.com/geek/openssl/ "OpenSSL Command-Line HOWTO"]. Has many quick cookbook-style recipes for doing common tasks using the "oppenssl" command-line application.
 
* Paul Heinlein. [https://www.madboa.com/geek/openssl/ "OpenSSL Command-Line HOWTO"]. Has many quick cookbook-style recipes for doing common tasks using the "oppenssl" command-line application.
  
 +
[[Category:Examples]]
 
[[Category:Shell level]]
 
[[Category:Shell level]]

Revision as of 03:35, 30 July 2019

The openssl program provides a rich variety of commands, each of which often has a wealth of options and arguments. Many commands use an external configuration file for some or all of their arguments and have a -config option to specify that file. The environment variable OPENSSL_CONF can be used to specify the location of the configuration file. If the environment variable is not specified, a default file is created in the default certificate storage area called openssl.cnf. The settings in this default configuration file depend on the flags set when the version of OpenSSL being used was built.

This article is an overview of the available tools provided by openssl. For all of the details on usage and implementation, you can find the manpages which are automatically generated from the source code at the official OpenSSL project home. Likewise, the source code itself may be found on the OpenSSL project home page, as well as on the OpenSSL Github. The main OpenSSL site also includes an overview of the command-line utilities, as well as links to all of their respective documentation.

Getting Started

The entry point for the OpenSSL library is the openssl binary, usually /usr/bin/openssl on Linux. The general syntax for calling openssl is as follows: 

$ openssl command [ command_options ] [ command_arguments ]

Alternatively, you can call openssl without arguments to enter the interactive mode prompt. You may then enter commands directly, exiting with either a quit command or by issuing a termination signal with either Ctrl+C or Ctrl+D. The following is a sample interactive session in which the user invokes the primes command twice before using the quit command to terminate the session. 

OpenSSL> prime -generate -bits 24
13467269
OpenSSL> prime -generate -bits 24
16651079
OpenSSL> quit

Basic Tasks

This section is a brief tutorial on performing the most basic tasks using OpenSSL. For a detailed explanation of the rationale behind the syntax and semantics of the commands shown here, see the section on Commands.

Getting Help

As mentioned previously, the general syntax of a command is openssl command [ command_options ] [ command_arguments ]. The help command is no different, but it does have its idiosyncrasies. To view the top-level help menu, you can call openssl as follows. 

$ openssl help

This query will print all of the available commands, like so: 

Standard commands
asn1parse         ca                ciphers           cms               
crl               crl2pkcs7         dgst              dhparam           
dsa               dsaparam          ec                ecparam
...

Note the above output was truncated, so only the first four lines of output are shown.

A help menu for each command may be requested in two different ways. First, the same command used above may be repeated, followed by the name of the command to print help for. 

$ openssl help genpkey

The program will then display the valid options for the given command. 

$ openssl help genpkey
Usage: genpkey [options]
Valid options are:
 -help              Display this summary
 -out outfile       Output file
 -outform PEM|DER   output format (DER or PEM)
 -pass val          Output file pass phrase source
 -paramfile infile  Parameters file
 -algorithm val     The public key algorithm
 -pkeyopt val       Set the public key algorithm option as opt:value
 -genparam          Generate parameters, not key
 -text              Print the in text
 -*                 Cipher to use to encrypt the key
 -engine val        Use engine, possibly a hardware device
Order of options may be important!  See the documentation.

The second way of requesting the help menu for a particular command is by using the first option in the output shown above, namely openssl command -help. Both commands will yield the same output; the help menu displayed will be exactly the same. 

$ openssl genpkey -help
Usage: genpkey [options]
Valid options are:
 -help              Display this summary
 -out outfile       Output file
 -outform PEM|DER   output format (DER or PEM)
 -pass val          Output file pass phrase source
 -paramfile infile  Parameters file
 -algorithm val     The public key algorithm
 -pkeyopt val       Set the public key algorithm option as opt:value
 -genparam          Generate parameters, not key
 -text              Print the in text
 -*                 Cipher to use to encrypt the key
 -engine val        Use engine, possibly a hardware device
Order of options may be important!  See the documentation.

For additional information on the usage of a particular command, the project manpages are a great source of information. Another excellent source of information is the project perldocs. perldoc is a utility included with most if not all Perl distributions, and it's capable of displaying documentation information in a variety of formats, one of which is as manpages. Not surprisingly, the project documentation is generated from the pod files located in the doc directory of the source code.

Getting Library Version Information

$ openssl version
OpenSSL 1.1.1c  28 May 2019

As mentioned above, the version command's help menu may be queried for additional options like so: 

$ openssl version -help
Usage: version [options]
Valid options are:
 -help  Display this summary
 -a     Show all data
 -b     Show build date
 -d     Show configuration directory
 -e     Show engines directory
 -f     Show compiler flags used
 -o     Show some internal datatype options
 -p     Show target build platform
 -r     Show random seeding options
 -v     Show library version

Using the -a option to show all version information yields the following output on my current machine: 

$ openssl version -a
OpenSSL 1.1.1c  28 May 2019
built on: Tue May 28 16:23:39 2019 UTC
platform: linux-x86_64
options:  bn(64,64) rc4(16x,int) des(int) idea(int) blowfish(ptr) 
compiler: gcc -fPIC -pthread -m64 -Wa,--noexecstack -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O2 -pipe -fno-plt -Wa,--noexecstack -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O2 -pipe -fno-plt -Wl,-O1,--sort-common,--as-needed,-z,relro,-z,now -DOPENSSL_USE_NODELETE -DL_ENDIAN -DOPENSSL_PIC -DOPENSSL_CPUID_OBJ -DOPENSSL_IA32_SSE2 -DOPENSSL_BN_ASM_MONT -DOPENSSL_BN_ASM_MONT5 -DOPENSSL_BN_ASM_GF2m -DSHA1_ASM -DSHA256_ASM -DSHA512_ASM -DKECCAK1600_ASM -DRC4_ASM -DMD5_ASM -DAES_ASM -DVPAES_ASM -DBSAES_ASM -DGHASH_ASM -DECP_NISTZ256_ASM -DX25519_ASM -DPOLY1305_ASM -DNDEBUG -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2
OPENSSLDIR: "/etc/ssl"
ENGINESDIR: "/usr/lib/engines-1.1"
Seeding source: os-specific

Generating an RSA Private Key

Generating a private key can be done in a variety of different ways depending on the type of key, algorithm, bits, and other options your specific use case may require. In this example, we are generating a private key using RSA and a key size of 2048 bits. 

$ openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 -out private-key.pem

To generate a password protected private key, the previous command may be slightly amended as follows: 

$ openssl genpkey -aes256 -algorithm RSA -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 -out private-key.pem

The addition of the -aes256 option specifies the cipher to use to encrypt the private key file. For a list of available ciphers in the library, you can run the following command: 

$ openssl list -cipher-algorithms

With your private key in hand, you can use the following command to see the key's details, such as its modulus and its constituent primes. Remember to change the name of the input file to the file name of your private key. 

$ openssl pkey -in private-key.pem -text

The above command yields the following output in my specific case. Your output will differ but should be structurally similar. 

-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
RSA Private-Key: (2048 bit, 2 primes)
modulus:
    00:d9:0f:a2:0c:2d:11:64:e0:26:85:c3:4a:e1:46:
    27:a7:c2:e1:39:11:9e:b1:14:4f:1e:dc:2e:53:56:
    2d:7e:77:d1:27:86:2d:fc:46:09:30:0f:b5:25:5b:
    13:c4:e8:05:a1:a7:94:f7:91:fa:c5:59:d6:a4:d6:
    56:45:54:fa:7b:fd:bb:4e:28:b8:ca:52:bb:b5:e6:
    72:e8:03:80:0a:62:dc:fd:5b:d3:e1:b0:cd:1d:cb:
    32:dc:e8:54:3a:2b:84:5e:41:a9:b9:a4:70:aa:23:
    6c:c5:f3:63:30:13:e7:88:01:db:af:ba:ac:a8:40:
    b2:a2:23:ad:3c:10:0a:d6:66:a0:ed:31:4a:41:27:
    3b:f4:51:51:18:bd:17:67:31:6a:42:c1:fc:e9:23:
    e8:4f:27:2c:15:09:c4:e5:34:24:ff:72:d1:a0:04:
    ac:88:c7:e7:43:b9:9e:db:47:d3:0d:99:25:bb:1a:
    b7:89:11:b4:c7:f9:1d:77:c5:3d:dd:77:f2:42:91:
    ad:7e:2d:80:a5:e2:1d:2a:a1:68:45:3e:13:a4:bd:
    0c:e6:99:2c:d4:99:99:40:95:30:d0:2e:fd:9e:01:
    d2:48:ad:07:2c:9c:a6:77:4a:c2:0e:08:2f:f7:22:
    9a:b0:4b:3a:62:77:7f:08:96:5e:0e:c4:7e:97:22:
    b5:45
publicExponent: 65537 (0x10001)
privateExponent:
    00:9d:8c:0b:42:6b:33:c4:d4:2d:21:c9:ad:ff:f4:
    bb:b3:b8:6f:60:cc:b9:32:2e:5b:7f:3a:b1:25:2b:
    d7:b9:83:9d:fb:e2:18:5e:93:36:f7:fb:6e:af:be:
    7b:8a:e0:1d:b6:47:bc:88:35:1c:9f:41:a5:d9:de:
    f8:9f:3a:1e:d5:00:45:83:65:6b:3a:ee:f1:f0:05:
    64:41:a2:c8:bc:c1:25:45:7f:f1:3a:4e:e9:92:46:
    7a:94:7c:cd:25:ab:90:58:19:b0:e7:5d:c3:a8:ba:
    2d:a9:40:0f:2e:46:44:37:23:a2:20:da:8d:97:51:
    de:56:71:2e:bb:f9:a8:e4:14:23:5b:ca:4d:fe:19:
    b3:64:e5:de:09:da:27:f2:25:d6:00:47:21:0f:56:
    f7:15:07:f2:33:c1:23:08:f9:d6:25:f0:0a:1f:07:
    d0:18:83:3e:f1:64:53:b7:07:20:50:8f:b0:98:46:
    b0:6a:7a:39:2d:ee:4b:0c:10:b9:21:3e:36:a6:ee:
    3d:f5:62:97:2b:02:73:08:19:76:e9:27:ca:2a:34:
    40:ed:58:7c:c0:4b:eb:e5:e8:28:4f:db:14:7b:27:
    37:e1:73:cd:cc:d0:83:db:16:ca:2c:15:47:ed:c4:
    78:8f:64:a7:82:52:12:53:61:da:7a:86:f7:a8:b8:
    40:01
prime1:
    00:ef:a3:8b:50:6a:d2:84:76:f8:b1:aa:0f:69:89:
    c1:00:a2:c4:75:68:f9:2b:8f:37:25:d6:3a:05:26:
    dd:77:94:64:0d:b2:46:f0:4c:66:71:b7:d3:6a:cf:
    c1:19:d2:9c:e2:25:42:93:15:77:ca:cc:4a:9d:7d:
    7c:3d:fc:40:4c:70:cb:2f:c3:4c:6b:e8:06:81:96:
    39:a1:32:94:b2:b5:c4:a5:2d:77:d8:78:42:27:d4:
    fd:2e:87:ac:42:34:5b:e2:43:99:1f:c3:ce:56:a9:
    ba:3b:85:df:94:2b:74:cb:5f:8c:d5:e4:07:23:53:
    4f:3b:d0:a6:3c:18:28:b8:45
prime2:
    00:e7:e1:78:49:2f:11:33:26:11:91:4f:e4:c7:5f:
    79:7f:08:74:86:16:8e:12:5c:eb:13:c9:99:a2:ed:
    cd:14:bf:d7:4f:af:fd:b7:ed:be:ee:c3:13:ba:24:
    02:3f:dc:c8:6b:ab:3e:fe:ba:d7:76:35:ad:ad:37:
    03:a7:85:a5:0c:84:da:b3:45:14:81:98:6f:61:50:
    50:04:5e:2f:84:7c:48:57:02:71:9d:3f:46:c2:2e:
    17:33:52:65:16:65:47:a1:f5:83:ef:53:fa:0d:17:
    bb:8d:25:91:4b:70:ae:8c:fd:c0:13:db:e6:a5:63:
    31:b4:4d:43:f6:a2:e2:59:01
exponent1:
    78:e3:92:f3:15:80:6f:ac:a8:d6:cf:88:88:e0:22:
    4a:14:d2:70:bc:6c:fe:89:77:f3:91:77:a1:83:b2:
    b3:91:5b:4c:01:84:81:d2:b8:d7:63:39:b7:27:69:
    2d:82:ae:fb:f2:79:fc:43:17:34:6a:0c:b6:18:48:
    a5:e8:6b:f3:63:ef:4c:80:04:3c:67:47:68:f6:04:
    ca:89:fe:b3:8c:b8:cf:ee:f9:07:6d:db:49:c6:cb:
    96:3e:81:2a:c0:c9:1d:82:a6:6b:7c:d6:c9:a7:43:
    b8:a5:57:5d:a2:f2:7f:6a:0b:5d:17:74:76:60:9f:
    96:f8:31:f4:1c:e7:e5:d5
exponent2:
    59:cc:73:6c:c4:11:81:21:69:04:41:50:73:f5:81:
    73:b4:ae:8b:8f:08:8e:0b:f5:ed:bf:d1:03:cb:db:
    f4:01:27:3c:f1:06:ec:c7:e1:7d:4d:86:c2:3b:57:
    b3:ab:a8:e2:29:7b:47:e2:cb:b6:37:ab:7e:bd:23:
    69:28:d4:76:38:ad:09:67:e3:3d:1c:ef:65:5c:58:
    e0:98:29:06:c1:aa:b2:27:7c:20:4d:74:f5:96:2b:
    dd:f0:36:bd:a9:93:48:21:70:6a:aa:b6:d7:83:2d:
    5a:c8:05:b0:95:7e:c3:93:31:63:7f:71:9e:f2:ff:
    38:b8:03:6d:ec:3e:84:01
coefficient:
    10:fc:dc:22:33:b2:a0:1f:7b:3f:37:7b:88:d8:a6:
    1a:29:fc:46:4c:17:22:21:46:48:7a:3c:bc:08:7b:
    e0:22:81:36:89:13:84:ce:74:39:43:66:e5:3d:9e:
    27:88:6e:cc:fa:68:c1:0f:88:0f:59:81:e4:48:c4:
    6a:2f:67:25:8f:65:97:77:14:a5:ac:22:20:85:bf:
    ea:e1:93:1f:25:df:bd:95:8d:b6:a1:18:5e:b5:49:
    e9:f7:03:68:a7:16:e3:2d:dc:a6:53:63:fd:22:5a:
    05:6f:07:5e:c5:bb:60:61:d6:df:31:ec:83:2e:c4:
    38:03:b3:3f:09:66:f6:81

Keep in mind the above key was generated solely for pedagogical purposes; never give anyone access to your private keys.

Generating a Public Key

Having previously generated your private key, you may generate the corresponding public key using the following command. 

$ openssl pkey -in private-key.pem -out public-key.pem -pubout

You may once again view the key details, using a slightly different command this time. 

$ openssl pkey -in public-key.pem -pubin -text

The output for the public key will be shorter, as it carries much less information, and it will look something like this. 

-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA2Q+iDC0RZOAmhcNK4UYn
p8LhORGesRRPHtwuU1YtfnfRJ4Yt/EYJMA+1JVsTxOgFoaeU95H6xVnWpNZWRVT6
e/27Tii4ylK7teZy6AOACmLc/VvT4bDNHcsy3OhUOiuEXkGpuaRwqiNsxfNjMBPn
iAHbr7qsqECyoiOtPBAK1mag7TFKQSc79FFRGL0XZzFqQsH86SPoTycsFQnE5TQk
/3LRoASsiMfnQ7me20fTDZkluxq3iRG0x/kdd8U93XfyQpGtfi2ApeIdKqFoRT4T
pL0M5pks1JmZQJUw0C79ngHSSK0HLJymd0rCDggv9yKasEs6Ynd/CJZeDsR+lyK1
RQIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
RSA Public-Key: (2048 bit)
Modulus:
    00:d9:0f:a2:0c:2d:11:64:e0:26:85:c3:4a:e1:46:
    27:a7:c2:e1:39:11:9e:b1:14:4f:1e:dc:2e:53:56:
    2d:7e:77:d1:27:86:2d:fc:46:09:30:0f:b5:25:5b:
    13:c4:e8:05:a1:a7:94:f7:91:fa:c5:59:d6:a4:d6:
    56:45:54:fa:7b:fd:bb:4e:28:b8:ca:52:bb:b5:e6:
    72:e8:03:80:0a:62:dc:fd:5b:d3:e1:b0:cd:1d:cb:
    32:dc:e8:54:3a:2b:84:5e:41:a9:b9:a4:70:aa:23:
    6c:c5:f3:63:30:13:e7:88:01:db:af:ba:ac:a8:40:
    b2:a2:23:ad:3c:10:0a:d6:66:a0:ed:31:4a:41:27:
    3b:f4:51:51:18:bd:17:67:31:6a:42:c1:fc:e9:23:
    e8:4f:27:2c:15:09:c4:e5:34:24:ff:72:d1:a0:04:
    ac:88:c7:e7:43:b9:9e:db:47:d3:0d:99:25:bb:1a:
    b7:89:11:b4:c7:f9:1d:77:c5:3d:dd:77:f2:42:91:
    ad:7e:2d:80:a5:e2:1d:2a:a1:68:45:3e:13:a4:bd:
    0c:e6:99:2c:d4:99:99:40:95:30:d0:2e:fd:9e:01:
    d2:48:ad:07:2c:9c:a6:77:4a:c2:0e:08:2f:f7:22:
    9a:b0:4b:3a:62:77:7f:08:96:5e:0e:c4:7e:97:22:
    b5:45
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)

For more information on generating keys, see the source code documentation, located in the doc/HOWTO/keys.txt file.

Generating Keys Based on Elliptic Curves

There are essentially two steps to generating a key:

  1. Generate the parameters for the specific curve you are using
  2. Use those parameters to generate the key

To see the list of curves instrinsically supported by openssl, you can use the -list_curves</t> option when calling the ecparam command. 

$ openssl ecparam -list_curves
  secp112r1 : SECG/WTLS curve over a 112 bit prime field
  secp112r2 : SECG curve over a 112 bit prime field
  secp128r1 : SECG curve over a 128 bit prime field
  secp128r2 : SECG curve over a 128 bit prime field
  secp160k1 : SECG curve over a 160 bit prime field
  ...

For this example I will use the prime256v1 curve, which is an X9.62/SECG curve over a 256 bit prime field.

Generating the Curve Parameters

Having selected our curve, we now call ecparam to generate our parameters file. 

$ openssl ecparam -name prime256v1 -out prime256v1.pem

Printing Parameters to Standard Out

You can print the generated curve parameters to the terminal output with the following command: 

$ openssl ecparam -in prime256v1.pem -noout -text
ASN1 OID: prime256v1
NIST CURVE: P-256

Printing Parameters as C Code

Analogously, you may also output the generated curve parameters as C code. The parameters can then be loaded by calling the get_ec_group_XXX() function. To print the C code to the current terminal's output, the following command may be used: 

$ openssl ecparam -in prime256v1.pem -noout -C

And here are the first few lines of the corresponding output: 

EC_GROUP *get_ec_group_256(void)
{
    static unsigned char ec_p_256[] = {
        0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
        0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
        ...

Generating the Key

With the curve parameters in hand, we are now free to generate the key. Just as with the [#Generating an RSA Private Key|RSA] example above, we may optionally specify a cipher algorithm with which to encrypt the private key. The call to generate the key using the elliptic curve parameters generated in the example above looks like this: 

$ openssl genpkey -aes256 -paramfile prime256v1.pem -out private-key.pem
Enter PEM pass phrase:
Verifying - Enter PEM pass phrase:

Base64 Encoding Strings

For simple string encoding, you can use "here string" syntax with the base64 command as below. Intuitively, the -e flag specifies the action to be encoding. 

$ openssl base64 -e <<< 'Welcome to openssl wiki'
V2VsY29tZSB0byBvcGVuc3NsIHdpa2kK

Similarly, the base64 command's -d flag may be used to indicate decoding mode. 

$ openssl base64 -d <<< 'V2VsY29tZSB0byBvcGVuc3NsIHdpa2kK'
Welcome to openssl wiki

Generating a File Hash

One of the most basic uses of the dgst command (short for digest) is viewing the hash of a given file. To do this, simply invoke the command with the specified digest algorithm to use. For this example, I will be hashing an arbitrary file on my system using the MD5, SHA1, and SHA384 algorithms. 

$ openssl dgst -md5 primes.dat
MD5(primes.dat)= 7710839bb87d2c4c15a86c2b2c805664

$ openssl dgst -sha1 primes.dat
SHA1(primes.dat)= 5dfab70ce825591689f4a3f65910870a9022cd32

$ openssl dgst -sha384 primes.dat
SHA384(primes.dat)= 41399bdffe6850f5a44852d967f3db415654f20dc2eb6cd231772f6ea411876d85d44091ebbc6b1f4ce8673e64617271

For a list of the available digest algorithms, you can use the following command. 

$ openssl list -digest-algorithms
RSA-MD4 => MD4
RSA-MD5 => MD5
RSA-MDC2 => MDC2
RSA-RIPEMD160 => RIPEMD160
RSA-SHA1 => SHA1
RSA-SHA1-2 => RSA-SHA1
...

You can also use a similar command to see the available digest commands: 

$ openssl list -digest-commands
blake2b512        blake2s256        gost              md4               
md5               mdc2              rmd160            sha1              
sha224            sha256            sha3-224          sha3-256          
sha3-384          sha3-512          sha384            sha512            
sha512-224        sha512-256        shake128          shake256          
sm3

Below are three sample invocations of the md5, sha1, and sha384 digest commands using the same file as the dgst command invocation above. 

$ openssl md5 primes.dat
MD5(primes.dat)= 7710839bb87d2c4c15a86c2b2c805664

$ openssl sha1 primes.dat
SHA1(primes.dat)= 5dfab70ce825591689f4a3f65910870a9022cd32

$ openssl sha384 primes.dat
SHA384(primes.dat)= 41399bdffe6850f5a44852d967f3db415654f20dc2eb6cd231772f6ea411876d85d44091ebbc6b1f4ce8673e64617271

File Encryption and Decryption

The following example demonstrates a simple file encryption and decryption using the enc command. The first argument is the cipher algorithm to use for encrypting the file. For this example I carefully selected the AES-256 algorithm in CBC Mode by looking up the available ciphers and picking out the first one I saw. To see the list of available ciphers, you can use the following command. 

$ openssl enc -ciphers
Supported ciphers:
-aes-128-cbc               -aes-128-cfb               -aes-128-cfb1             
-aes-128-cfb8              -aes-128-ctr               -aes-128-ecb              
-aes-128-ofb               -aes-192-cbc               -aes-192-cfb              
-aes-192-cfb1              -aes-192-cfb8              -aes-192-ctr
...

You can also use the following command: 

$ openssl list -cipher-algorithms
AES-128-CBC
AES-128-CBC-HMAC-SHA1
AES-128-CBC-HMAC-SHA256
id-aes128-CCM
AES-128-CFB
AES-128-CFB1
AES-128-CFB8
AES-128-CTR
...

Having selected an encryption algorithm, you must then specify whether the action you are taking is either encryption or decryption via the -e or -d flags, respectively. The -iter flag specifies the number of iterations on the password used for deriving the encryption key. A higher iteration count increases the time required to brute-force the resulting file. Using this option implies enabling use of the Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2, usually set using the -pbkdf2 flag. We then use the -salt flag to enable the use of a randomly generated salt in the key-derivation function.

Putting it all together, you can see the command to encrypt a file and the corresponding output below. Note that the passwords entered by the user are blank, just as they would usually be in a terminal session. 

$ openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -e -iter 1000 -salt -in primes.dat -out primes.enc
enter aes-256-cbc encryption password:
Verifying - enter aes-256-cbc encryption password:

The analogous decryption command is as follows: 

$ openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -d -iter 1000 -in primes.enc -out primes.dec
enter aes-256-cbc decryption password:

Commands

There are three different kinds of commands. These are standard commands, cipher commands, and digest commands. Calling the OpenSSL top-level help command with no arguments will result in openssl printing all available commands by group, sorted alphabetically.

Standard Commands

Overview of OpenSSL's command line utilities
Command Description
asn1parse Parse an ASN.1 sequence.
ca Certificate Authority (CA) Management.
ciphers Cipher Suite Description Determination.
cms CMS (Cryptographic Message Syntax) utility.
crl Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Management.
crl2pkcs7 CRL to PKCS#7 Conversion.
dgst Message Digest calculation. MAC calculations are superseded by mac(1).
dhparam Generation and Management of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Superseded by genpkey(1) and pkeyparam(1).
dsa DSA Data Management.
dsaparam DSA Parameter Generation and Management. Superseded by genpkey(1) and pkeyparam(1).
ec EC (Elliptic curve) key processing.
ecparam EC parameter manipulation and generation.
enc Encoding with Ciphers.
engine Engine (loadable module) information and manipulation.
errstr Error Number to Error String Conversion.
gendsa Generation of DSA Private Key from Parameters. Superseded by genpkey(1) and pkey(1).
genpkey Generation of Private Key or Parameters.
genrsa Generation of RSA Private Key. Superseded by genpkey(1).
info Display diverse information built into the OpenSSL libraries.
kdf Key Derivation Functions.
mac Message Authentication Code Calculation.
nseq Create or examine a Netscape certificate sequence.
ocsp Online Certificate Status Protocol utility.
passwd Generation of hashed passwords.
pkcs12 PKCS#12 Data Management.
pkcs7 PKCS#7 Data Management.
pkcs8 PKCS#8 format private key conversion tool.
pkey Public and private key management.
pkeyparam Public key algorithm parameter management.
pkeyutl Public key algorithm cryptographic operation utility.
prime Compute prime numbers.
rand Generate pseudo-random bytes.
rehash Create symbolic links to certificate and CRL files named by the hash values.
req PKCS#10 X.509 Certificate Signing Request (CSR) Management.
rsa RSA key management.
rsautl RSA utility for signing, verification, encryption, and decryption. Superseded by pkeyutl(1).
s_client This implements a generic SSL/TLS client which can establish a transparent connection to a remote server speaking SSL/TLS.
s_server This implements a generic SSL/TLS server which accepts connections from remote clients speaking SSL/TLS.
s_time SSL Connection Timer.
sess_id SSL Session Data Management.
smime S/MIME mail processing.
speed Algorithm Speed Measurement.
spkac SPKAC printing and generating utility.
srp Maintain SRP password file.
storeutl Utility to list and display certificates, keys, CRLs, etc.
ts Time Stamping Authority tool (client/server).
verify X.509 Certificate Verification.
version OpenSSL Version Information.
x509 X.509 Certificate Data Management.

Further reading

  • Paul Heinlein. "OpenSSL Command-Line HOWTO". Has many quick cookbook-style recipes for doing common tasks using the "oppenssl" command-line application.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=Command_Line_Utilities&oldid=2841"